Utility of nailfold videocapillaroscopy in the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases.
Keywords:
Microscopic angioscopy, scleroderma, Raynaud’s diseaseAbstract
Nailfold capillaroscopy is a useful, non-invasive and inexpensive tool for the dermatologist, which describes and quantifies the morphological characteristics of capillaries in the distal row of the periungual capillaries of the fingers. It is a complementary diagnostic method in diseases such as scleroderma, dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and mixed connective tissue disease, and allows distinguishing between primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. This article shows the methodology of examination and normal pattern of capillary vessels and reviews the applications of nailfold capillaroscopy in clinical practice and capillaroscopic alterations in rheumatic and non-rheumatic diseases.
Author Biographies
Juan Pablo Restrepo
Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia.
Marwin Gutiérrez
Cattedra de Reumatologia, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Jesi, Ancona, Italia.
Rossella De Angelis
Cattedra de Reumatologia, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Jesi, Ancona, Italia.
Chiara Bertolazzi
Cattedra de Reumatologia, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Jesi, Ancona, Italia.
Walter Grassi
Cattedra de Reumatologia, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Jesi, Ancona, Italia.
References
1. Marquet R, Vilardell M. Capilaroscopia. Med Clin (Barc). 1986;86:380-2.
2. Houtman PM, Kallenberg CG, Fidler V, Wouda AA. Diagnostic significance of nailfold capillary patterns in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. An analysis of patterns discriminating patients with and without connective tissue disease. J Rheumatol. 1986;13:556-63.
3. Statham BN, Rowell NR. Quantification of the nailfold capillary abnormalities in systemic sclerosis and Raynaud’s phenomenon. Acta Derm Venereol. 1986;66:139-43.
4. Carpentier PH, Maricq HR. Microvasculature in systemic sclerosis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1990;16:75-91.
5. Cutolo M, Pizzorni C, Secchi M, Sulli A. Capillaroscopy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2008;22:1093-108.
6. Cutolo M, Pizzorni C, Sulli A. Capillaroscopy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2005;19:437-52.
7. Cortes S, Cutolo M. Capillaroscopic patterns in rheumatic diseases. Acta Reum Port. 2007;32:29-36.
8. Mannarino E, Pasqualini L, Fedeli F, Scricciolo V, Innocente S. Nailfold capillaroscopy in the screenning and diagnosis of Raynaud’s phenomenon. Angiology. 1994;45:37-42.
9. Da Silva L, Lima A, Pucinelli M, Atra E, Andrade L. Capilaroscopia panorâmica periungueal e sua aplicação em doenças reumáticas. Rev Ass Med Brasil. 1997;43:69-73.
10. Andrade LE, Gabriel Júnior A, Assad RL, Ferrari AJ, Atra E. Panoramic nailfold capillaroscopy: a new reading method and normal range. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1990;20:21-31.
11. Lee P, Leung FY, Alderdice C, Armstrong SK. Nailfold capillary microscopy in the connective tissue diseases: a semiquantitative assessement. J Rheumatol. 1983;10:930-8.
12. Gibson W, Bosley P, Griffiths R. Photomicrographic studies on the nailbed capillary networks in human control subjects. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1956;122:219-31.
13. Norris AS, Chowning JR. Capillary morphology of the nailfold in the mentally ill. J Neuropsych. 1963;5:225-34.
14. Wong M, Highton J, Palmer D. Sequential nailfold capillary microscopy in scleroderma and related disorders. Ann Rheum Dis. 1988;47:53-61.
15. Lefford F, Edwards J. Nailfold capillary microscopy in connective tissue disease: a quantitative morphological analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1986;45:741-9.
16. Bergman R, Sharony L, Schapira D, Nahir MA, Balbir-Gurman A. The handheld dermatoscope as a nail-fold capillaroscopic instrument. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:1027-30.
17. Cutolo M, Sulli A, Pizzorni C, Accardo S. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy assessment of microvascular damage in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:155-60.
18. Cutolo M, Grassi W, Matucci Cerinic M. Raynaud’s phenomenon and the role of capillaroscopy. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:3023-30.
19. Grassi W, De Angelis R. Capillaroscopy: questions and answers. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26:2009-16.
20. Lee P, Leung F, Alderdice C, Armstrong S. Nailfold capillary microscopy in the connective tissue diseases: a semiquantitative assessment. J Rheumatol. 1983;10:930-8.
21. Juanola X, Sirvent E, Reina D. Capilaroscopia en las unidades de reumatología. Usos y aplicaciones. Rev Esp Reumatol. 2004;31:514-20.
22. Grassi W, Del Medico P, Izzo F, Cervini C. Microvascular involvement in systemic sclerosis: capillaroscopy findings. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2001;30:397-402.
23. Maricq H, Leroy E, D'Angelo W. Diagnostic potential of in vivo capillary microscopy in scleroderma and related disorders. Arthritis Rheum. 1980;23 183-9.
24. Cutolo M, Sulli A, Pizzorni C, Acardo S. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy assessment of microvascular damage in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:155-60.
25. Cutolo M, Pizzorni C, Tuccio M, Burroni A, Craviotto C, Basso M, et al. Nailfold videocapillaroscopic patterns and serum autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology. 2004;43:719-26.
26. Rivera J, López J, Álvaro G. Microscopía capilar del pliegue ungueal en el fenómeno de Raynaud: utilidad para el diagnóstico precoz de esclerodermia. Rev Clin Esp. 1985;177:7-10.
27. Riccieri V, Germano V, Alessandri C, Vasile M, Ceccarelli F, Sciarri I, et al. More severe capillaroscopy findings and endothelial cell antibodies. Are they useful tools for prognostic use in systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008;26:992-7.
28. Hudson M, Taillefer S, Steele R. Improving the sensibility of the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2007;25:754-7.
29. Miniati I, Guiducci M, Conforti M, Rogai V, Fiori G, Cinelli M, et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation improves microcirculation in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:94-8.
30. Moore T, Vail A, Herrick A. Assessment of digital vascular structure and function in response to bosentan in patients with systemic sclerosis-related Raynaud's phenomenon. Rheumatology. (Oxford) 2007;46:363-4.
31. Nagy Z, Czirjak L. Nailfold digital capillaroscopy in 447 patients with connective tissue disease and Raynaud’s disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereal. 2004;18:62-8.
32. Candela M, Pansoni A, De Carolis ST, Pomponio G, Corvetta A, Gabrielli A, et al. Nailfold capillary microscopy in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Recenti Prog Med. 1998;89:444-9.
33. Kenik J, Maricq H, Bole G. Blind evaluation of the diagnostic specificity of nailfold capillary microscopy in the connective tissue diseases. Arthritis Rheum. 1981;24:885-91.
34. Tosti A. The nail apparatus in collagen disorders. Semin Dermatol. 1991;10:71-6.
35. Furtado R, Pucinelli M, Cristo V, Andrade L, Sato E. Scleroderma-like nailfold capillaroscopic abnormalities are associated with anti-U1-RNP antibodies and Raynaud’s phenomenon in SLE patients. Lupus. 2002;11:35-41.
36. Ingegnoli F, Zeni S, Meani L, Soldi A, Lurati A, Fantini F. Evaluation of nailfold videocapillaroscopic abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Rheum. 2005;11:295-8.
37. Bongard O, Bounameaux H, Miescher PA, De Moerloose P. Association of anticardiolipin antibodies and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy in patients with systemic lupus. Lupus. 1995;4:14-21.
38. Kuryliszyn-Moska A, Ciolkiewicz M, Klimiuk PA, Sierakowski S. Clinical significance of nailfold capillaroscopy in systemic lupus erythematosus: correlation with endothelial cell activation markers and disease activity. Scand J Rheumatol. 2009;38:38-45.
39. Tektonidou M, Kaskani E, Skopouli F, Moutsopoulos H. Microvascular abnormalities in Sjögren’s syndrome: nailfold capillaroscopy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999;38:826-30.
40. Capobianco K, Xavier R, Bredemeier M, Restelli V, Brenol J. Nailfold capillaroscopic findings in primary Sjögren’s syndrome: clinical and serological correlations. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005;23:789-94.
41. Sulli A, Pizzorni C, Cutolo M. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy abnormalities in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:1574-6.
42. Nascif A, Terreri M, Len C, Andrade L, Hilario M. Inflammatory myopathies in childhood: correlation between nailfold capillaroscopy findings and clinical and laboratory data. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2006;82:40-5.
43. Leung Y, Tam L, Kum E, Li E. Psoriatic arthritis as a distinct disease entity. J Postgrad Med. 2007;53:63-71.
44. Mease P. Psoriatic arthritis update. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2006;1:25-31.
45. Ohtsuka T, Yamakage A, Miyachi Y. Statistical definition of nailfold capillary pattern in patients with psoriasis. Int J Dermatol. 1994;33:779-82.
46. Zaric D, Worm AM, Sthal D, Clemmensen OJ. Capillary microscopy of the nailfold in psoriatic and rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheum. 1981;10:249-52.
47. Bhushan M, Moore T, Herrick A, Griffiths C. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142:1171-6.
48. Bull R, Bates D, Mortimer P. Intravital video-capillaroscopy for the study of microcirculation in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 1992;126:436-45.
49. Okada N, Nakatani S, Okawa K, Sato K, Yoshikawa K. Video macroscopic study of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;25:1077-8.
50. Cutolo M, Sulli A, Secchi M, Olivieri M, Pizzorni C. The contribution of capillaroscopy to the differential diagnosis of connective autoimmune diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007;21:1093-108.
51. De Angelis R, Bugatti L, Del Medico P, Nicolini M, Filosa G. Videocapillaroscopic findings in the microcirculation of the psoriatic plaque. Dermatol. 2002;204:236-9.
52. Ryan T. Microcirculation in psoriasis: blood vessels, lymphatics and tissue fluid. Pharmacol Ther. 1980;10:27-64.
53. Micali G, Nardone B, Scuderi A, Lacarrubba F. Videodermatoscopy enhances the diagnostic capability of palmar and/or plantar psoriasis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2008;9:119-22.
54. Rosina P, Zamperetti M, Giovanni A, Girolomoni G. Videocapillaroscopy in the differential diagnosis between psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp. Dermatol. 2007;214:21-4.
55. De Angelis R, Cerioni A, Del Medico P, Blasetti P. Raynaud’s phenomenon in undifferenciated connective tissue disease. Clin Rheumatol. 2005;145-51.
56. De Angelis R, Bugatti L, Del Medico P, Filosa G. Hereditary benign telangiectasia: videocapillaroscopic findings. Dermatol. 2003;206:260-2.
57. Rossi D, Mansouri M, Baldovino S, Gennaro M, Naretto C, Alpa M, et al. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy in mixed cryoglobulinaemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:2245-9.
58. Altomonte L, Zoli A, Galossi A, Mirone L, Tulli A, Martone F, et al. Microvascular capillaroscopic abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995;13:83-6.
59. Dinc A, Melikoglu M, Korkmaz C, Fresko I, Ozdogan H, Yazici H. Nailfold capillary abnormalities in patients with familiar Mediterranean fever. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001;19(Suppl.24):S42-4.
60. Planchon B, Pistorius M, Beurrier P, De Faucal P. Primary Raynaud’s phenomenon: age of onset and pathogenesis in a prospective study of 424 patients. Angiology. 1994;45:677-86.
61. Spencer-Green G. Outcomes in primary Raynaud’s phenomenon: a meta-analysis and the frequency, rates, predictors of transition to secondary disease. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:595-600.
62. Zuffery P, Depairon M, Chamot A, Monti M. Prognostic significance of nailfold capillary microscopy in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon and scleroderma-pattern abnormalities: a six year follow-up study. Clin Rheumatol. 1992;11:536-41.
63. Petry D, Terreri M, Len C, Hilário M. Capilaroscopia periungueal em crianças e adolescentes com doenças reumáticas: uma revisâo de literature. Acta Reumatol Port. 2008;33:395-400.
64. Lu W, Wang D, Liu L, Xiong J, He Q. Nailfold capillary observation in replanted severed fingers. Microsurgery. 2008;28:13-6.
2. Houtman PM, Kallenberg CG, Fidler V, Wouda AA. Diagnostic significance of nailfold capillary patterns in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. An analysis of patterns discriminating patients with and without connective tissue disease. J Rheumatol. 1986;13:556-63.
3. Statham BN, Rowell NR. Quantification of the nailfold capillary abnormalities in systemic sclerosis and Raynaud’s phenomenon. Acta Derm Venereol. 1986;66:139-43.
4. Carpentier PH, Maricq HR. Microvasculature in systemic sclerosis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1990;16:75-91.
5. Cutolo M, Pizzorni C, Secchi M, Sulli A. Capillaroscopy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2008;22:1093-108.
6. Cutolo M, Pizzorni C, Sulli A. Capillaroscopy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2005;19:437-52.
7. Cortes S, Cutolo M. Capillaroscopic patterns in rheumatic diseases. Acta Reum Port. 2007;32:29-36.
8. Mannarino E, Pasqualini L, Fedeli F, Scricciolo V, Innocente S. Nailfold capillaroscopy in the screenning and diagnosis of Raynaud’s phenomenon. Angiology. 1994;45:37-42.
9. Da Silva L, Lima A, Pucinelli M, Atra E, Andrade L. Capilaroscopia panorâmica periungueal e sua aplicação em doenças reumáticas. Rev Ass Med Brasil. 1997;43:69-73.
10. Andrade LE, Gabriel Júnior A, Assad RL, Ferrari AJ, Atra E. Panoramic nailfold capillaroscopy: a new reading method and normal range. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1990;20:21-31.
11. Lee P, Leung FY, Alderdice C, Armstrong SK. Nailfold capillary microscopy in the connective tissue diseases: a semiquantitative assessement. J Rheumatol. 1983;10:930-8.
12. Gibson W, Bosley P, Griffiths R. Photomicrographic studies on the nailbed capillary networks in human control subjects. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1956;122:219-31.
13. Norris AS, Chowning JR. Capillary morphology of the nailfold in the mentally ill. J Neuropsych. 1963;5:225-34.
14. Wong M, Highton J, Palmer D. Sequential nailfold capillary microscopy in scleroderma and related disorders. Ann Rheum Dis. 1988;47:53-61.
15. Lefford F, Edwards J. Nailfold capillary microscopy in connective tissue disease: a quantitative morphological analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1986;45:741-9.
16. Bergman R, Sharony L, Schapira D, Nahir MA, Balbir-Gurman A. The handheld dermatoscope as a nail-fold capillaroscopic instrument. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:1027-30.
17. Cutolo M, Sulli A, Pizzorni C, Accardo S. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy assessment of microvascular damage in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:155-60.
18. Cutolo M, Grassi W, Matucci Cerinic M. Raynaud’s phenomenon and the role of capillaroscopy. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:3023-30.
19. Grassi W, De Angelis R. Capillaroscopy: questions and answers. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26:2009-16.
20. Lee P, Leung F, Alderdice C, Armstrong S. Nailfold capillary microscopy in the connective tissue diseases: a semiquantitative assessment. J Rheumatol. 1983;10:930-8.
21. Juanola X, Sirvent E, Reina D. Capilaroscopia en las unidades de reumatología. Usos y aplicaciones. Rev Esp Reumatol. 2004;31:514-20.
22. Grassi W, Del Medico P, Izzo F, Cervini C. Microvascular involvement in systemic sclerosis: capillaroscopy findings. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2001;30:397-402.
23. Maricq H, Leroy E, D'Angelo W. Diagnostic potential of in vivo capillary microscopy in scleroderma and related disorders. Arthritis Rheum. 1980;23 183-9.
24. Cutolo M, Sulli A, Pizzorni C, Acardo S. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy assessment of microvascular damage in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:155-60.
25. Cutolo M, Pizzorni C, Tuccio M, Burroni A, Craviotto C, Basso M, et al. Nailfold videocapillaroscopic patterns and serum autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology. 2004;43:719-26.
26. Rivera J, López J, Álvaro G. Microscopía capilar del pliegue ungueal en el fenómeno de Raynaud: utilidad para el diagnóstico precoz de esclerodermia. Rev Clin Esp. 1985;177:7-10.
27. Riccieri V, Germano V, Alessandri C, Vasile M, Ceccarelli F, Sciarri I, et al. More severe capillaroscopy findings and endothelial cell antibodies. Are they useful tools for prognostic use in systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008;26:992-7.
28. Hudson M, Taillefer S, Steele R. Improving the sensibility of the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2007;25:754-7.
29. Miniati I, Guiducci M, Conforti M, Rogai V, Fiori G, Cinelli M, et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation improves microcirculation in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:94-8.
30. Moore T, Vail A, Herrick A. Assessment of digital vascular structure and function in response to bosentan in patients with systemic sclerosis-related Raynaud's phenomenon. Rheumatology. (Oxford) 2007;46:363-4.
31. Nagy Z, Czirjak L. Nailfold digital capillaroscopy in 447 patients with connective tissue disease and Raynaud’s disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereal. 2004;18:62-8.
32. Candela M, Pansoni A, De Carolis ST, Pomponio G, Corvetta A, Gabrielli A, et al. Nailfold capillary microscopy in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Recenti Prog Med. 1998;89:444-9.
33. Kenik J, Maricq H, Bole G. Blind evaluation of the diagnostic specificity of nailfold capillary microscopy in the connective tissue diseases. Arthritis Rheum. 1981;24:885-91.
34. Tosti A. The nail apparatus in collagen disorders. Semin Dermatol. 1991;10:71-6.
35. Furtado R, Pucinelli M, Cristo V, Andrade L, Sato E. Scleroderma-like nailfold capillaroscopic abnormalities are associated with anti-U1-RNP antibodies and Raynaud’s phenomenon in SLE patients. Lupus. 2002;11:35-41.
36. Ingegnoli F, Zeni S, Meani L, Soldi A, Lurati A, Fantini F. Evaluation of nailfold videocapillaroscopic abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Rheum. 2005;11:295-8.
37. Bongard O, Bounameaux H, Miescher PA, De Moerloose P. Association of anticardiolipin antibodies and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy in patients with systemic lupus. Lupus. 1995;4:14-21.
38. Kuryliszyn-Moska A, Ciolkiewicz M, Klimiuk PA, Sierakowski S. Clinical significance of nailfold capillaroscopy in systemic lupus erythematosus: correlation with endothelial cell activation markers and disease activity. Scand J Rheumatol. 2009;38:38-45.
39. Tektonidou M, Kaskani E, Skopouli F, Moutsopoulos H. Microvascular abnormalities in Sjögren’s syndrome: nailfold capillaroscopy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999;38:826-30.
40. Capobianco K, Xavier R, Bredemeier M, Restelli V, Brenol J. Nailfold capillaroscopic findings in primary Sjögren’s syndrome: clinical and serological correlations. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005;23:789-94.
41. Sulli A, Pizzorni C, Cutolo M. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy abnormalities in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:1574-6.
42. Nascif A, Terreri M, Len C, Andrade L, Hilario M. Inflammatory myopathies in childhood: correlation between nailfold capillaroscopy findings and clinical and laboratory data. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2006;82:40-5.
43. Leung Y, Tam L, Kum E, Li E. Psoriatic arthritis as a distinct disease entity. J Postgrad Med. 2007;53:63-71.
44. Mease P. Psoriatic arthritis update. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2006;1:25-31.
45. Ohtsuka T, Yamakage A, Miyachi Y. Statistical definition of nailfold capillary pattern in patients with psoriasis. Int J Dermatol. 1994;33:779-82.
46. Zaric D, Worm AM, Sthal D, Clemmensen OJ. Capillary microscopy of the nailfold in psoriatic and rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheum. 1981;10:249-52.
47. Bhushan M, Moore T, Herrick A, Griffiths C. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142:1171-6.
48. Bull R, Bates D, Mortimer P. Intravital video-capillaroscopy for the study of microcirculation in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 1992;126:436-45.
49. Okada N, Nakatani S, Okawa K, Sato K, Yoshikawa K. Video macroscopic study of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;25:1077-8.
50. Cutolo M, Sulli A, Secchi M, Olivieri M, Pizzorni C. The contribution of capillaroscopy to the differential diagnosis of connective autoimmune diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007;21:1093-108.
51. De Angelis R, Bugatti L, Del Medico P, Nicolini M, Filosa G. Videocapillaroscopic findings in the microcirculation of the psoriatic plaque. Dermatol. 2002;204:236-9.
52. Ryan T. Microcirculation in psoriasis: blood vessels, lymphatics and tissue fluid. Pharmacol Ther. 1980;10:27-64.
53. Micali G, Nardone B, Scuderi A, Lacarrubba F. Videodermatoscopy enhances the diagnostic capability of palmar and/or plantar psoriasis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2008;9:119-22.
54. Rosina P, Zamperetti M, Giovanni A, Girolomoni G. Videocapillaroscopy in the differential diagnosis between psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp. Dermatol. 2007;214:21-4.
55. De Angelis R, Cerioni A, Del Medico P, Blasetti P. Raynaud’s phenomenon in undifferenciated connective tissue disease. Clin Rheumatol. 2005;145-51.
56. De Angelis R, Bugatti L, Del Medico P, Filosa G. Hereditary benign telangiectasia: videocapillaroscopic findings. Dermatol. 2003;206:260-2.
57. Rossi D, Mansouri M, Baldovino S, Gennaro M, Naretto C, Alpa M, et al. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy in mixed cryoglobulinaemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:2245-9.
58. Altomonte L, Zoli A, Galossi A, Mirone L, Tulli A, Martone F, et al. Microvascular capillaroscopic abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995;13:83-6.
59. Dinc A, Melikoglu M, Korkmaz C, Fresko I, Ozdogan H, Yazici H. Nailfold capillary abnormalities in patients with familiar Mediterranean fever. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001;19(Suppl.24):S42-4.
60. Planchon B, Pistorius M, Beurrier P, De Faucal P. Primary Raynaud’s phenomenon: age of onset and pathogenesis in a prospective study of 424 patients. Angiology. 1994;45:677-86.
61. Spencer-Green G. Outcomes in primary Raynaud’s phenomenon: a meta-analysis and the frequency, rates, predictors of transition to secondary disease. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:595-600.
62. Zuffery P, Depairon M, Chamot A, Monti M. Prognostic significance of nailfold capillary microscopy in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon and scleroderma-pattern abnormalities: a six year follow-up study. Clin Rheumatol. 1992;11:536-41.
63. Petry D, Terreri M, Len C, Hilário M. Capilaroscopia periungueal em crianças e adolescentes com doenças reumáticas: uma revisâo de literature. Acta Reumatol Port. 2008;33:395-400.
64. Lu W, Wang D, Liu L, Xiong J, He Q. Nailfold capillary observation in replanted severed fingers. Microsurgery. 2008;28:13-6.
How to Cite
1.
Restrepo JP, Gutiérrez M, De Angelis R, Bertolazzi C, Grassi W. Utility of nailfold videocapillaroscopy in the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 2019 Feb. 13 [cited 2024 Jul. 22];17(3):154-61. Available from: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/165
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How to Cite
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Restrepo JP, Gutiérrez M, De Angelis R, Bertolazzi C, Grassi W. Utility of nailfold videocapillaroscopy in the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 2019 Feb. 13 [cited 2024 Jul. 22];17(3):154-61. Available from: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/165
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