Figurate erythema
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29176/2590843X.273Keywords:
Figurate erythema, erythema annulare centrifugum, erythema gyratum repens, erythema migrans, necrolytic migratory erythemaAbstract
There are many skin diseases that adopt different clinical patterns such as annular, circinate, arcuate, and polycyclic configurations among others. Actually many of them have been grouped by this morphology within the group of figurate erythemas; hereby it is important to have them present when observing a distinctive clinical pattern distribution, to make a diagnosis and to prescribe an appropriate treatment, besides, in some cases, to suspect organic causes that might trigger this type of reactive lesions, some of which can have a poor prognosis.
In this article, the main figurate erythemas will be reviewed, including erythema annulare centrifugum, erythema gyratum repens, erythema migrans and necrolytic migratory erythema.
Author Biographies
Ana Paula Giraldo
Médica, Residente de Dermatología, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
Andrea Arango
Dermatóloga, Universidad CES
References
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2. Martinón-Torres F. Eritema figurado “tipo profundo.”An Esp Pediatr. 2000;53:380–2.
3. Kaminsky A. Eritemas figurados. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2009;100(2):88–109.
4. Bottoni U, Innocenzi D, Bonaccorsi P, Carlesimo M, Faina P, Richetta A, et al. Erythema annulare centrifugum: report of a case with neonatal onset. J Eur Acad Dermatol Veneorol. 2002;16(5):500–3.
5. Klaber R. Erythema Gyratum Perstans (Colcott Fox). Proc R Soc Med. 1942;36(2):45.
6. Ziemer M, Eisendle K, Zelger B. New concepts on erythema annulare centrifugum : a clinical reaction pattern that does not represent a specific clinicopathological entity. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160(1):119–26.
7. García M, Pujol R, Gimenez-Arnau A, Barranco C. Annually recurring erythema annulare centrifugum: a distinct entity? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(6):1091–5.
8. Darier J. De l’érythème annulaire centrifuge. Ann Dermatol Syphilogr. 1916;6:57.
9. Mahood JM. Erythema annulare centrifugum: a review of 24 cases with special reference to its association with underlying disease. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 1983 Jul;8(4):383–7.
10. Enomoto H. Erythema annulare centrifugum as the presenting sign of breast carcinoma. Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:317–68.
11. Chodkiewicz H, Cohen P. Paraneoplastic Erythema Annulare Centrifugum Eruption: PEACE. Am J Ciln Dermatol. 2012;13(4):239–46.
12. Reichel M, Wheeland R. Inflammatory carcinoma masquerading as erythema annulare centrifugum. Acta Derm Venereol. 1993;73(2):138–40.
13. Lee H, Chang S, Lee M, Choi J, Moon K, Koh J. Metastatic gastric carcinoma presenting as an erythema annulare centrifugum-like lesion. J Dermatol. 2008;35(3):186–7.
14. Helbing I, Walewska R, Dyer M, Bamford M, Harman K. Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157(5):1044–5.
15. Yaniv R, Shpielberg O, Shpiro D, Feinstein A, Ben-Bassat I. Erythema annulare centrifugum as the presenting sign of Hodgkin’s disease. Int J Dermatol. 1993;32(1):59–61.
16. Furue M, Akasu R, Ohtake N, Tamaki K. Erythema annulare centrifugum induced by molluscum contagiosum. Br J Dermatol. 1993;129(5):646–7.
17. Borbujo J, de Miguel C, Lopez A, de Lucas R, Casado M. Erythema annulare centrifugum and Escherichia coli urinary infection. Lancet. 1996;347(9005):897–8.
18. Hammar H. Erythema annulare centrifugum coincident with Epstein–Barr virus infection in an infant. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1974;63(5):788–92.
19. Jillson O. Allergic confirmation that some cases of erythema annulare centrifugum are dermatophytides. AMA Arch Derm Syphilol. 1954;70(3):355–9.
20. Burkhart C. Erythema annulare centrifugum. A case due to tuberculosis. Int J Dermatol. 1982;21(9):538–9.
21. Hendricks A, Lu C, Elfenbein G, Hussain R. Erythema Annulare Centrifugum Associated With Ascariasis. Arch Dermatol. 1981;117(9):582–5.
22. Betlloch I, Amador C, Chiner E, Varona C, Carbonell C, Vilar A. Erythema annulare centrifugum in Q fever. Int J Dermatol. 1991;30(7):502.
23. Shelley W. Erythema annulare centrifugum due to candida albicans. Br J Dermatol. 1965;77:383–4.
24. Goette D, Beatrice E. Erythema annulare centrifugum caused by hydrochlorothiazide-induced interstitial nephritis. Int J Dermatol. 1988;27:129–30.
25. Hogan D, Blocka K. Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with piroxicam. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1985;13(5 pt 1):840–1.
26. Garcia-Doval I, Peteiro C, Toribio J. Amitriptyline-induced erythema annulare centrifugum. Cutis. 1999;63(1):35–6.
27. Tsuji T, Nishimura M, Kimura S. Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with gold sodium thiomalate therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27(2 pt2):284–7.
28. Hudson L. Erythema annulare centrifugum: an unusual case due to hydroxychloroquine sulfate. Cutis. 1985;36(2):129–30.
29. Ashurst P. Erythema annulare centrifugum due to hydroxychloroquine sulfate and chloroquine sulfate. Arch Dermatol. 1967;95(1):37–9.
30. Merrett A, Marks R, Dudley F. Cimetidine-induced erythema annulare centrifugum: no cross-sensitivity with ranitidine. Br Med J. 1981;283:698.
31. Carsuzaa F, Pierre C. ´Erythe`me annulaire centrifuge al’aldactone. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1987;114:375–6.
32. Weyers W, Díaz C, Weyers I. Erythema Annulare Centrifugum Results of a Clinicopathologic Study of 73 Patients. Am J Dermatopathol. 2003;25(6):451–62.
33. Braunstein B. Erythema annulare centrifugum and Graves´ disease. Arch Dermatol. 1982;118(9):623.
34. Altomare G, Capella G, Frigerio E. Sarcoidosis presenting as erythema annulare centrifugum. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1995;20(6):502–3.
35. Dippel E, Orfanos C, Zouboulis C. Linear IgA dermatosis presenting with erythema annulare centrifugum lesions: report of three cases in adults. J Eur Acad Dermatol Veneorol. 2001;15(2):167–70.
36. Tsuji T, Kadoya A. Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with liver disease. Arch Dermatol. 1986;122(11):1239–40.
37. Thami G, Sachdeva A, Kaur S, Mohan H, Kanwar A. Erythema annulare centrifugum following pancreatico-biliary surgery. J Dermatol. 2002;29(6):347–9.
38. Ibrahim S, Pryor J, Tausk F. Stress-induced erythema annulare centrifugum. Dermatol Online J. 2009;15(4):15.
39. Choonhakarn C, Seramethakun P. Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with pregnancy. Acta Derm Venereol. 1998;78(3):237–8.
40. Dogan G. Pregnancy as a Possible Etioiogic Factor in Erythema Annulare Centrifugum. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2009;10(1):33–5.
41. Rosina P, D’Onghia F, Barba A. Erythema annulare centrifugum and pregnancy. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41(8):516–7.
42. Kuhn A, Richter-Hintz D, Oslislo C, Ruzicka T, Megahed M, Lehmann P. Lupus erythematosus tumidus. A neglected subset of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: report of 40 cases. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136(8):1033–41.
43. Ruiz H, Sánchez J. Tumid lupus erythematosus. Am J Dermatopathol. 1999;21(4):356–60.
44. Gniadecki R. Calcipotriol for erythema annulare centrifugum. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146(2):317–9.
45. Rao N, Pariser R. Annular erythema responding to tacrolimus ointment. J Drugs Dermatol. 2003;2(4):421–4.
46. Minni J, Sarro R. A novel therapeutic approach to erythema annulare centrifugum. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(3 spt 2):134–5.
47. De La Torre-Lugo E, Sánchez J. Erythema gyratum repens. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(5):89–90.
48. Eubanks L, Mcburney E, Reed R. Erythema Gyratum Repens. Am J Med Sci. 2001;321(5):302–5.
49. Gammel J. Erythema gyratum repens; skin manifestations in patient with carcinoma of breast. AMA Arch Derm Syphilol. 1952;66(4):494–505.
50. Boyd A, Neldner K, Menter A. Erythema gyratum repens: a paraneoplastic eruption. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;26(5 pt 1):757–62.
51. Holt P, Davies M. Erythema gyratum repens—an immunologically mediated dermatosis? Br J Dermatol. 1977;96(4):343–7.
52. Caux F, Lebbe C, Thomine E, Benyahia B, Flageul B, Joly P, et al. Erythema Gyratum Repens. A Case Studied With Immunofluorescence, Immunoelectron Microscopy And Immunohistochemistry. Br J Dermatol. 1994;131(1):102–7.
53. Bryan M, Lienhart K, Smoller B, Johnson S. Erythema gyratum repens in a case of resolving psoriasis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2003;2(3):315–7.
54. Kawakami T, Saito R. Erythema Gyratum Repens Unassociated With Underlying Malignancy. J Dermatol. 1995;22(8):587–9.
55. Reynoso C, Balderrama C, Martinez E, Tinoco E, Rodriguez E. Bullous pemphigoid with figurate erythema. A case report. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2008;46(4):427–30.
56. Dermitsu T, Sasaki K, Iida E, Azuma R, Umemoto N, Kakurai M, et al. Urticarial Vasculitis Presenting as Erythema Gyratum Repens-Like Eruption. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23(2):215–7.
57. Yebra I, Garcia B, Camacho F. Eritema gyratum repens de Gammel y enfermedad de Hodgkin. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am. 1983;11(4):281–6.
58. Kreft B, Marsch W. Lupus erythematosus gyratus repens. Eur J Dermatol. 2007;17(1):79–82.
59. Harrison P. The annular erythemas. Int J Dermatol. 1979;18(4):282–90.
60. Appell M, Ward W, Tyring S. Erythema gyratum repens. A cutaneous marker of malignancy. Cancer. 1988;62(3):548–50.
61. Steere A, Bartenhagen N, Craft J, Hutchinson G, Newman J, Rahn D, et al. The early clinical manifestations of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99:76–82.
62. Biesiada G, Czepiel J, Leśniak M, Garlicki A, Mach T. Lyme disease: review. Arch Med Sci. 2012;8(6):978–82.
63. Wright WF, Riedel DJ, Talwani R, GilliamBL. Diagnosis and Management of Lyme Disease. Am Fam Physician. American Family Physician; 2012;85(11):1086–93.
64. Müllegger R, Glatz M. Skin manifestations of lyme borreliosis: diagnosis and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2008;9(6):355–68.
65. Burgdorfer W, Barbour A, Hayes S, Benach J, Grunwaldt E, Davis J. Lyme disease-a tick-borne spirochetosis? Science (80-. ). 1982;216(4552):1317–9.
66. Asbrink E, Hovmark A. Early and late cutaneous manifestations in Ixodes-borne borreliosis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1988;539:4–15.
67. Mullegger R, Mchugh G, Ruthazer R, Binder B, Kerl H, Steere A. Differential expression of cytokine mRNA in skin specimens from patients with erythema migrans or acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. J Invest Dermatol. 2000;115:1115–1123.
68. Schoen R. Better Laboratory Testing for Lyme Disease : No More Western Blot. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(3):341–3.
69. Adam D, Cohen P, Ghazarian D. Necrolytic Migratory Erythema:Case Report and Clinical Review. J Cutan Med Surg. 2003;7(4):333–8.
70. Mallinson C, Bloom S, Warin A, Salmon P, Cox B. A glucagonoma syndrome. Lancet. 1974;2(7871):1–5.
71. Van Beek A, de Haas E, van Vloten W, Lips C, Roijers J, Canninga-van Dijk M. The glucagonoma syndrome and necrolytic migratory erythema: a clinical review. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;151(5):531–7.
72. Tierney E BJ. Etiology and Pathogenesis of Necrolytic Migratory Erythema: Review of the Literature. MedGenMed. 2004;6(3):1–13.
73. Grewal P, Salopek T. Is Necrolytic Migratory Erythema Due to Glucagonoma a Misnomer ? A More Apt Name Might Be Mucosal and Intertriginous Erosive Dermatitis. J Cutan Med Surg. 2012;16(2):76–82.
74. Binnick A, Spencer S, Dennison W, Horton E. Glucagonoma syndrome. Report of two cases and literature review. Arch Dermatol. 1977;113(6):749–54.
75. Mendoza-Guil F, Hernandez-Jurado I, Burkhardt P, Linares J, Naranjo R. [Necrolytic migratory erythema associated with glucagonoma]. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2005;96(3):175–8.
76. Burton J. Zinc and essential fatty acid therapy for necrolytic migratory erythema. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129(2):246.
77. Blackford S, Wright S, Roberts D. Necrolytic migratory erythema without glucagonoma: the role of dietary essential fatty acids. Br J Dermatol. 1991;125(5):460–46.
78. Smith A, Doolas A, Staren E. Rapid resolution of necrolytic migratory erythema after glucagonoma resection. J Surg Oncol. 1996;61(4):306–9.
2. Martinón-Torres F. Eritema figurado “tipo profundo.”An Esp Pediatr. 2000;53:380–2.
3. Kaminsky A. Eritemas figurados. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2009;100(2):88–109.
4. Bottoni U, Innocenzi D, Bonaccorsi P, Carlesimo M, Faina P, Richetta A, et al. Erythema annulare centrifugum: report of a case with neonatal onset. J Eur Acad Dermatol Veneorol. 2002;16(5):500–3.
5. Klaber R. Erythema Gyratum Perstans (Colcott Fox). Proc R Soc Med. 1942;36(2):45.
6. Ziemer M, Eisendle K, Zelger B. New concepts on erythema annulare centrifugum : a clinical reaction pattern that does not represent a specific clinicopathological entity. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160(1):119–26.
7. García M, Pujol R, Gimenez-Arnau A, Barranco C. Annually recurring erythema annulare centrifugum: a distinct entity? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(6):1091–5.
8. Darier J. De l’érythème annulaire centrifuge. Ann Dermatol Syphilogr. 1916;6:57.
9. Mahood JM. Erythema annulare centrifugum: a review of 24 cases with special reference to its association with underlying disease. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 1983 Jul;8(4):383–7.
10. Enomoto H. Erythema annulare centrifugum as the presenting sign of breast carcinoma. Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:317–68.
11. Chodkiewicz H, Cohen P. Paraneoplastic Erythema Annulare Centrifugum Eruption: PEACE. Am J Ciln Dermatol. 2012;13(4):239–46.
12. Reichel M, Wheeland R. Inflammatory carcinoma masquerading as erythema annulare centrifugum. Acta Derm Venereol. 1993;73(2):138–40.
13. Lee H, Chang S, Lee M, Choi J, Moon K, Koh J. Metastatic gastric carcinoma presenting as an erythema annulare centrifugum-like lesion. J Dermatol. 2008;35(3):186–7.
14. Helbing I, Walewska R, Dyer M, Bamford M, Harman K. Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157(5):1044–5.
15. Yaniv R, Shpielberg O, Shpiro D, Feinstein A, Ben-Bassat I. Erythema annulare centrifugum as the presenting sign of Hodgkin’s disease. Int J Dermatol. 1993;32(1):59–61.
16. Furue M, Akasu R, Ohtake N, Tamaki K. Erythema annulare centrifugum induced by molluscum contagiosum. Br J Dermatol. 1993;129(5):646–7.
17. Borbujo J, de Miguel C, Lopez A, de Lucas R, Casado M. Erythema annulare centrifugum and Escherichia coli urinary infection. Lancet. 1996;347(9005):897–8.
18. Hammar H. Erythema annulare centrifugum coincident with Epstein–Barr virus infection in an infant. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1974;63(5):788–92.
19. Jillson O. Allergic confirmation that some cases of erythema annulare centrifugum are dermatophytides. AMA Arch Derm Syphilol. 1954;70(3):355–9.
20. Burkhart C. Erythema annulare centrifugum. A case due to tuberculosis. Int J Dermatol. 1982;21(9):538–9.
21. Hendricks A, Lu C, Elfenbein G, Hussain R. Erythema Annulare Centrifugum Associated With Ascariasis. Arch Dermatol. 1981;117(9):582–5.
22. Betlloch I, Amador C, Chiner E, Varona C, Carbonell C, Vilar A. Erythema annulare centrifugum in Q fever. Int J Dermatol. 1991;30(7):502.
23. Shelley W. Erythema annulare centrifugum due to candida albicans. Br J Dermatol. 1965;77:383–4.
24. Goette D, Beatrice E. Erythema annulare centrifugum caused by hydrochlorothiazide-induced interstitial nephritis. Int J Dermatol. 1988;27:129–30.
25. Hogan D, Blocka K. Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with piroxicam. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1985;13(5 pt 1):840–1.
26. Garcia-Doval I, Peteiro C, Toribio J. Amitriptyline-induced erythema annulare centrifugum. Cutis. 1999;63(1):35–6.
27. Tsuji T, Nishimura M, Kimura S. Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with gold sodium thiomalate therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27(2 pt2):284–7.
28. Hudson L. Erythema annulare centrifugum: an unusual case due to hydroxychloroquine sulfate. Cutis. 1985;36(2):129–30.
29. Ashurst P. Erythema annulare centrifugum due to hydroxychloroquine sulfate and chloroquine sulfate. Arch Dermatol. 1967;95(1):37–9.
30. Merrett A, Marks R, Dudley F. Cimetidine-induced erythema annulare centrifugum: no cross-sensitivity with ranitidine. Br Med J. 1981;283:698.
31. Carsuzaa F, Pierre C. ´Erythe`me annulaire centrifuge al’aldactone. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1987;114:375–6.
32. Weyers W, Díaz C, Weyers I. Erythema Annulare Centrifugum Results of a Clinicopathologic Study of 73 Patients. Am J Dermatopathol. 2003;25(6):451–62.
33. Braunstein B. Erythema annulare centrifugum and Graves´ disease. Arch Dermatol. 1982;118(9):623.
34. Altomare G, Capella G, Frigerio E. Sarcoidosis presenting as erythema annulare centrifugum. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1995;20(6):502–3.
35. Dippel E, Orfanos C, Zouboulis C. Linear IgA dermatosis presenting with erythema annulare centrifugum lesions: report of three cases in adults. J Eur Acad Dermatol Veneorol. 2001;15(2):167–70.
36. Tsuji T, Kadoya A. Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with liver disease. Arch Dermatol. 1986;122(11):1239–40.
37. Thami G, Sachdeva A, Kaur S, Mohan H, Kanwar A. Erythema annulare centrifugum following pancreatico-biliary surgery. J Dermatol. 2002;29(6):347–9.
38. Ibrahim S, Pryor J, Tausk F. Stress-induced erythema annulare centrifugum. Dermatol Online J. 2009;15(4):15.
39. Choonhakarn C, Seramethakun P. Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with pregnancy. Acta Derm Venereol. 1998;78(3):237–8.
40. Dogan G. Pregnancy as a Possible Etioiogic Factor in Erythema Annulare Centrifugum. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2009;10(1):33–5.
41. Rosina P, D’Onghia F, Barba A. Erythema annulare centrifugum and pregnancy. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41(8):516–7.
42. Kuhn A, Richter-Hintz D, Oslislo C, Ruzicka T, Megahed M, Lehmann P. Lupus erythematosus tumidus. A neglected subset of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: report of 40 cases. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136(8):1033–41.
43. Ruiz H, Sánchez J. Tumid lupus erythematosus. Am J Dermatopathol. 1999;21(4):356–60.
44. Gniadecki R. Calcipotriol for erythema annulare centrifugum. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146(2):317–9.
45. Rao N, Pariser R. Annular erythema responding to tacrolimus ointment. J Drugs Dermatol. 2003;2(4):421–4.
46. Minni J, Sarro R. A novel therapeutic approach to erythema annulare centrifugum. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(3 spt 2):134–5.
47. De La Torre-Lugo E, Sánchez J. Erythema gyratum repens. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(5):89–90.
48. Eubanks L, Mcburney E, Reed R. Erythema Gyratum Repens. Am J Med Sci. 2001;321(5):302–5.
49. Gammel J. Erythema gyratum repens; skin manifestations in patient with carcinoma of breast. AMA Arch Derm Syphilol. 1952;66(4):494–505.
50. Boyd A, Neldner K, Menter A. Erythema gyratum repens: a paraneoplastic eruption. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;26(5 pt 1):757–62.
51. Holt P, Davies M. Erythema gyratum repens—an immunologically mediated dermatosis? Br J Dermatol. 1977;96(4):343–7.
52. Caux F, Lebbe C, Thomine E, Benyahia B, Flageul B, Joly P, et al. Erythema Gyratum Repens. A Case Studied With Immunofluorescence, Immunoelectron Microscopy And Immunohistochemistry. Br J Dermatol. 1994;131(1):102–7.
53. Bryan M, Lienhart K, Smoller B, Johnson S. Erythema gyratum repens in a case of resolving psoriasis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2003;2(3):315–7.
54. Kawakami T, Saito R. Erythema Gyratum Repens Unassociated With Underlying Malignancy. J Dermatol. 1995;22(8):587–9.
55. Reynoso C, Balderrama C, Martinez E, Tinoco E, Rodriguez E. Bullous pemphigoid with figurate erythema. A case report. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2008;46(4):427–30.
56. Dermitsu T, Sasaki K, Iida E, Azuma R, Umemoto N, Kakurai M, et al. Urticarial Vasculitis Presenting as Erythema Gyratum Repens-Like Eruption. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23(2):215–7.
57. Yebra I, Garcia B, Camacho F. Eritema gyratum repens de Gammel y enfermedad de Hodgkin. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am. 1983;11(4):281–6.
58. Kreft B, Marsch W. Lupus erythematosus gyratus repens. Eur J Dermatol. 2007;17(1):79–82.
59. Harrison P. The annular erythemas. Int J Dermatol. 1979;18(4):282–90.
60. Appell M, Ward W, Tyring S. Erythema gyratum repens. A cutaneous marker of malignancy. Cancer. 1988;62(3):548–50.
61. Steere A, Bartenhagen N, Craft J, Hutchinson G, Newman J, Rahn D, et al. The early clinical manifestations of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99:76–82.
62. Biesiada G, Czepiel J, Leśniak M, Garlicki A, Mach T. Lyme disease: review. Arch Med Sci. 2012;8(6):978–82.
63. Wright WF, Riedel DJ, Talwani R, GilliamBL. Diagnosis and Management of Lyme Disease. Am Fam Physician. American Family Physician; 2012;85(11):1086–93.
64. Müllegger R, Glatz M. Skin manifestations of lyme borreliosis: diagnosis and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2008;9(6):355–68.
65. Burgdorfer W, Barbour A, Hayes S, Benach J, Grunwaldt E, Davis J. Lyme disease-a tick-borne spirochetosis? Science (80-. ). 1982;216(4552):1317–9.
66. Asbrink E, Hovmark A. Early and late cutaneous manifestations in Ixodes-borne borreliosis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1988;539:4–15.
67. Mullegger R, Mchugh G, Ruthazer R, Binder B, Kerl H, Steere A. Differential expression of cytokine mRNA in skin specimens from patients with erythema migrans or acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. J Invest Dermatol. 2000;115:1115–1123.
68. Schoen R. Better Laboratory Testing for Lyme Disease : No More Western Blot. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(3):341–3.
69. Adam D, Cohen P, Ghazarian D. Necrolytic Migratory Erythema:Case Report and Clinical Review. J Cutan Med Surg. 2003;7(4):333–8.
70. Mallinson C, Bloom S, Warin A, Salmon P, Cox B. A glucagonoma syndrome. Lancet. 1974;2(7871):1–5.
71. Van Beek A, de Haas E, van Vloten W, Lips C, Roijers J, Canninga-van Dijk M. The glucagonoma syndrome and necrolytic migratory erythema: a clinical review. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;151(5):531–7.
72. Tierney E BJ. Etiology and Pathogenesis of Necrolytic Migratory Erythema: Review of the Literature. MedGenMed. 2004;6(3):1–13.
73. Grewal P, Salopek T. Is Necrolytic Migratory Erythema Due to Glucagonoma a Misnomer ? A More Apt Name Might Be Mucosal and Intertriginous Erosive Dermatitis. J Cutan Med Surg. 2012;16(2):76–82.
74. Binnick A, Spencer S, Dennison W, Horton E. Glucagonoma syndrome. Report of two cases and literature review. Arch Dermatol. 1977;113(6):749–54.
75. Mendoza-Guil F, Hernandez-Jurado I, Burkhardt P, Linares J, Naranjo R. [Necrolytic migratory erythema associated with glucagonoma]. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2005;96(3):175–8.
76. Burton J. Zinc and essential fatty acid therapy for necrolytic migratory erythema. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129(2):246.
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How to Cite
1.
Giraldo AP, Arango A. Figurate erythema. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 2014 Jul. 1 [cited 2024 Jul. 22];22(3):189-9. Available from: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/273
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2014-07-01
How to Cite
1.
Giraldo AP, Arango A. Figurate erythema. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 2014 Jul. 1 [cited 2024 Jul. 22];22(3):189-9. Available from: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/273
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