Oxidación y antioxidantes: hechos y controversias
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29176/2590843X.292Palabras clave:
radicales libres, envejecimiento, antioxidantes, pielResumen
El envejecimiento se caracteriza por cambios progresivos en los tejidos que dan lugar a la disminución de la función y, finalmente, a la muerte. A lo largo de los años se han descrito múltiples teorías tratando de explicar por qué se produce el envejecimiento. Una de las más aceptadas es la teoría de los radicales libres, la cual sugiere que las especies reactivas del oxígeno forman productos endógenos al reaccionar con otras moléculas, y que estas juegan un papel importante en el envejecimiento. Las células y los órganos del cuerpo tienen sistemas antioxidantes, los cuales pueden ser enzimáticos, no enzimáticos o proteínas de unión. Todos actúan sinérgicamente para neutralizar las diferentes especies reactivas del oxígeno, formando una red de antioxidantes que retrasan el proceso de envejecimiento.
Biografía del autor/a
Claudia Juliana Mariaca
Médica dermatóloga, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia.
Mónica Zapata
Médica dermatóloga, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia.
Paulina Uribe
Médica dermatóloga; docente de Dermatología, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia.
Referencias bibliográficas
1. Bokov A, Chaudhuri A, Richardson A. The role of oxidative damage and stress in aging. Mech Aging Dev. 2004;125:811-26.
2. Polef TG, Meyer TA, Aguin PP, Bianchini RJ. Cutaneous oxidative stress. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2012;11:55-64.
3. Harman D. Aging: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol. 1956;11:298-300.
4. Muller FL, Lustgarten MS, Jang Y, Richardson A, van Remmen H. Trends in oxidative aging theories. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007;43:477-503.
5. Salmon AB, Richardson A, Pérez VI. Update on the oxidative stress theory of aging: Does oxidative stress play a role in aging or healthy aging? Free Radic Biol Med. 2010;48:642-55.
6. Sohal RS, Mocket RJ, Orr WC. Mechanisms of aging: An appraisal of the oxidative stress hypothesis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002;33:575-86.
7. Balcombe NR, Sinclair A. Ageing: Definitions, mechanisms and the magnitude of the problem. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2001;15:835-49.
8. Colman RJ, Beasley TM, Kemnitz JW, Johnson SC, Weindruch R, Anderson RM. Caloric restriction reduces age-related and all-cause mortality in Rhesus monkeys. Nat Commun. 2014;5:3557.
9. Walsh ME, Shi Y, van Remmen H. The effects of dietary restriction on oxidative stress in rodents. Free Radic Biol Med. 2014;66:88-99.
10. Zhang Y, Ikeno Y, Qi W, Chauduri A, Li Y, Bokov A, et al. Mice deficient in both Mn superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase-1 have increased oxidative damage and a greater incidence of pathology but no reduction in longevity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64:1212-20.
11. Sohal RS, Orr WC. The redox stress hypothesis of aging. Free Radic Biol Med. 2012;52:539-55.
12. Halliwell B. Free radicals and antioxidants: Updating a personal view. Nutr Rev. 2012;70:257-65.
13. Cesari M, Vellas B, Gambassi G. The stress of aging. 2013;48:451-6.
14. Halliwell B. Free radicals and antioxidants: A personal view. Nutr Rev. 2004;52:253-65.
15. Niki E. Assessment of antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010;49:503-15.
16. Gutteridge JMC, Halliwell B. Antioxidants: Molecules, medicines and myths. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;393:561-4.
17. Benzie IF. Evolution of dietary antioxidants. Comp Bioch Physiol. 2003;136:113-26.
18. Polefka TG, Meyer TA, Agin PP, Bianchini RJ. Cutaneous oxidative stress. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2012;11:55-64.
19. Sies H. Strategies of antioxidant defense. Eur J Biochem. 1993;215:213-9.
20. Halliwell B. Reactive species and antioxidants. Redox biology is a fundamental theme of aerobic life. Plant Physiol 2006;141:312-22.
21. Lu T, Finkel T. Free radical and senescence. Exp Cell Res. 2088;314:1918-22.
22. Sohal RS, Orr WC. The redox stress hypothesis of aging. Free Radic Biol Med. 2012;52:539-55.
23. Cornelli U. Antioxidant use in nutraceuticals. Clin Dermatol. 2009;27:175-94.
24. Bezie IF. Evolution of dietary antioxidants. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2003;136:113-26.
25. Masaki H. Role of antioxidants in the skin: Anti-aging effects. J Dermatol Sci. 2010;58:85-90.
26. Chen L, Hu JY, Wang SQ. The role of antioxidants in photoprotection: A critical review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:1013-24.
27. Yaar M, Gilchrest BA. Photoaging: Mechanism, prevention, and therapy. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:874-87.
28. Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Wlaschek M, Brenneisen P, Schauen M, Blaudschun R, Wenk J. UV-induced reactive oxygen species in photocarcinogenesis and photoaging. Biol Chem. 1997;378:1247-57.
29. Fisher GJ, Kang S, Varani J, Bata-Csorgo Z, Wan Y, Datta S, et al. Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1462-70.
30. Fusco D, Colloca G, Lo Monaco MR, Cesari M. Effects of antioxidants on the aging process. Clin Interv Aging. 2007;2:377-87.
31. Hancock JT, Desikan R, Neill SJ. Role of reactive oxygen species in cell signaling pathways. Biochem Soc Trans. 2001;39:(Pt.2):342-50.
32. Kaliora AC, Dedoussis GV, Schmidt H. Dietary antioxidants in preventing atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis. 2006;187:1-17.
33. Junkins-Hopkins JM. Antioxidants and their chemopreventive properties in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:663-5.
34. Lorencini M, Brohem CA, Dieamant GC, Zanchin NI, Maibach HI. Active ingredients against human epidermal aging. Ageing Res Rev. 2014;15:100-15.
35. Arrigoni O, De Tulio MC. Ascorbic acid: Much more than just an antioxidant. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002;1569:1-9.
36. Zussman J, Ahdout J, Kim J. Vitamins and photoaging: Do scientific data support their use? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63:507-25.
37. Pinnel SR, Yang H, Omar M, Monteiro-Riviere N, DeBuys HV, Walker LC, et al. Topical L-ascorbic acid: Percutaneous absorption studies. Dermatol Surg. 2001;27:137-42.
38. Thiele JJ, Hsieh SN, Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage S. Vitamin E: Critical review of its current use in cosmetic and clinical dermatology. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31:805-13.
39. Limón-Pacheco J, Gonsebatt ME. The role of antioxidants and antioxidant-related enzymes in protective responses to environmentally induced oxidative stress. Mutat Res. 2009;674;137-47.
40. Chaudiére J, Ferrari-lliou R. Intracellular antioxidants: From chemical to biochemical mechanisms. Food Chem Toxicol. 1999;37:949-62.
41. Thiele JJ, Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage S. Vitamin E in human skin: Organ-specific physiology and considerations for its use in dermatology. Mol Aspects Med. 2007;28:646-67.
42. Traber MG, Stevens JF. Vitamin C and E: Beneficial effects from a mechanistic perspective. Free Radic Biolo Med. 2011;51:1000-13.
43. Steenvoorden DP, van Henegouwen GM. The use of endogenous antioxidants to improve photoprotection. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1997;41:1-10.
44. Braicu C, Ladomery MR, Chedea VS, Irimie A, Berindan-Neagoe I. The relationship between the structure and biological actions of green tea catechins. Food Chem. 2013;141:3282-9.
45. Afag F, Mukhtar H. Biotanical antioxidants in the prevention of photocarcinogenesis and photoaging. Exp Dermatol. 2006;15:678-84.
46. Sticozzi C, Cervellati F, Muresan XM, Cervellati C, Valacchi G. Resveratrol prevents smoke-induced keratinocytes damage. Food Funct. 2014;5:2348-56.
47. Timmers S, Konings E, Bilet L, Houtkooper RH, van de Weijer T, Goossens GH, et al. Calorie restriction-like effects of 30 days of resveratrol supplementation on energy metabolism and metabolic profile in obese humans. Cell Metab. 2011;14:612-22.
48. Shay KP, Moreau RF, Smith EJ, Smith AR, Hagen TM. Alpha-lipoic acid as a dietary supplement: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1790:1149:60.
49. Ptersen Shay K, Moreau RF, Smith EJ, Hagen TM. Is alpha-lipoic acid a scavenger of reactive oxygen species in vivo? Evidence for its initiation of stress signaling pathways that promote endogenous antioxidant capacity. IUBMB Life. 2008;60:362-7.
50. Merry BJ, Kirk AJ, Goyns MH. Dietary lipoic acid supplementation can mimic or block the effect of dietary restriction on life span. Mech Ageing Dev. 2008;129:341-8.
51. Javed S, Petropoulos IN, Alam U, Malik RA. Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2015;6:15-28.
52. Papanas N, Ziegler D. Efficacy of a-lipoic acid in diabetic neuropathy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014;15:2721-31.
53. Gidal BE. New and emerging treatment options for neuropathic pain. Am J Manag Care. 2006;12(Suppl.):S269-78.
54. Shindo Y, Witt E, Han D, Epstein W, Packer L. Enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in epidermis and dermis of human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1994;102:122-4.
55. Rhie G, Shin MH, Seo JY, Choi WW, Cho KH, Kim KH, et al. Aging-and photoaging dependent changes of enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants in the epidermis and dermis of human skin in vivo. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;117:1212-7.
56. Hernández-Pérez E, Khawaja HA, Álvarez TYM. Oral isotretinoin as part of the treatment of cutaneous aging. Dermatol Surg. 2000;26:649-52.
57. Rabello-Fonseca RM, Azulay DR, Luiz RR, Mandarimde-Lacerda CA, Cuzzi T, Manela-Azulay M. Oral isotretinoin in photoaging: Clinical and histopathological evidence of efficacy of an off-label indication. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:115-23.
58. Kalil CL, Fachinello FZ, Lamb FM, Comunello LN. Use of oral isotretinoin in photoaging therapy. Skinmed. 2008;7:10-4.
59. Anstey AV. Systemic photoprotection with a-tocopherol (vitamin E) and ß-carotene. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2002;27:170-6.
60. Eicker J, Kurten V, Wild S, Riss G, Goralczyk R, Krutmann J, et al. Betacarotene supplementation protects from photoaging-associated DNA mutation. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2003;2:655-9.
61. McArdle F, Rhodes LE, Parslew RA, Close GL, Jack CI, Friedmann PS, et al. Effects of oral vitamin E and B-carotene supplementation on ultraviolet radiation induced oxidative stress in human skin. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1270-5.
62. Richelle M, Sabatier M, Steiling H, Williamson G. Skin bioavailability of dietary vitamin E, carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamin C, zinc, and selenium. Br J Nutr. 2006;96:227-38.
63. Garmyn M, Ribaya-Mercado JD, Russel RM, Bhawan J, Gilchrest BA. Effect of beta-carotene supplementation on the human sunburn reaction. Exp Dermatol. 1995;4:104-11.
64. Eberlein-Konig B, Placzek M, Przybilla B. Protective effect against sunburn of combined systemic ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and d-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:45-8.
65. Fuchs J, Kern H. Modulation of UV-light-induced skin inflammation by d-a-tocopherol and L-ascorbic acid: A clinical study using solar simulated radiation. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998;25:1006-12.
66. González S, Gilaberte Y, Philips, Juarranz A. Fernblock, a nutriceutical with photoprotective properties and potential preventive agent for skin photoaging and photoinduced skin cancers. Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12:8466-75.
67. El-Haj N, Golstein N. Sun protection in a pill: The photoprotective properties of Polypodium leucotomos extract. Int J Dermatol. 2015;54:362-6.
68. González S, Gilaberte Y, Philips N. Current Trends in photoprotection - a new generation of oral photoprotectors. The Open Dermatology Journal. 2011;5:1-9.
69. Bafana A, Dutt S, Kumar A, Kumar S, Ahuja PS. The basic and applied aspects of superoxide dismutase. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzimatic. 2010;68:129-38.
70. Nakajima S, Ohsawa I, Nagata K, Ohta S, Ohno M, Ijichi T, et al. Oral supplementation with melon superoxide dismutase extract promotes antioxidant defenses in the brain and prevents stress-induced impairment of spatial memory. Behav Brain Res. 2009;200:15-21
71. Skarpanska-Stejnborn A, Pilaczynska-Szczesniak L, Basta P. Effects of oral supplementation with plant superoxide dismutase extract on selected redox parameters and an inflammatory marker in a 2,000-m rowing-ergometer test. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2011;21:124-34.
2. Polef TG, Meyer TA, Aguin PP, Bianchini RJ. Cutaneous oxidative stress. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2012;11:55-64.
3. Harman D. Aging: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol. 1956;11:298-300.
4. Muller FL, Lustgarten MS, Jang Y, Richardson A, van Remmen H. Trends in oxidative aging theories. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007;43:477-503.
5. Salmon AB, Richardson A, Pérez VI. Update on the oxidative stress theory of aging: Does oxidative stress play a role in aging or healthy aging? Free Radic Biol Med. 2010;48:642-55.
6. Sohal RS, Mocket RJ, Orr WC. Mechanisms of aging: An appraisal of the oxidative stress hypothesis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002;33:575-86.
7. Balcombe NR, Sinclair A. Ageing: Definitions, mechanisms and the magnitude of the problem. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2001;15:835-49.
8. Colman RJ, Beasley TM, Kemnitz JW, Johnson SC, Weindruch R, Anderson RM. Caloric restriction reduces age-related and all-cause mortality in Rhesus monkeys. Nat Commun. 2014;5:3557.
9. Walsh ME, Shi Y, van Remmen H. The effects of dietary restriction on oxidative stress in rodents. Free Radic Biol Med. 2014;66:88-99.
10. Zhang Y, Ikeno Y, Qi W, Chauduri A, Li Y, Bokov A, et al. Mice deficient in both Mn superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase-1 have increased oxidative damage and a greater incidence of pathology but no reduction in longevity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64:1212-20.
11. Sohal RS, Orr WC. The redox stress hypothesis of aging. Free Radic Biol Med. 2012;52:539-55.
12. Halliwell B. Free radicals and antioxidants: Updating a personal view. Nutr Rev. 2012;70:257-65.
13. Cesari M, Vellas B, Gambassi G. The stress of aging. 2013;48:451-6.
14. Halliwell B. Free radicals and antioxidants: A personal view. Nutr Rev. 2004;52:253-65.
15. Niki E. Assessment of antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010;49:503-15.
16. Gutteridge JMC, Halliwell B. Antioxidants: Molecules, medicines and myths. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;393:561-4.
17. Benzie IF. Evolution of dietary antioxidants. Comp Bioch Physiol. 2003;136:113-26.
18. Polefka TG, Meyer TA, Agin PP, Bianchini RJ. Cutaneous oxidative stress. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2012;11:55-64.
19. Sies H. Strategies of antioxidant defense. Eur J Biochem. 1993;215:213-9.
20. Halliwell B. Reactive species and antioxidants. Redox biology is a fundamental theme of aerobic life. Plant Physiol 2006;141:312-22.
21. Lu T, Finkel T. Free radical and senescence. Exp Cell Res. 2088;314:1918-22.
22. Sohal RS, Orr WC. The redox stress hypothesis of aging. Free Radic Biol Med. 2012;52:539-55.
23. Cornelli U. Antioxidant use in nutraceuticals. Clin Dermatol. 2009;27:175-94.
24. Bezie IF. Evolution of dietary antioxidants. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2003;136:113-26.
25. Masaki H. Role of antioxidants in the skin: Anti-aging effects. J Dermatol Sci. 2010;58:85-90.
26. Chen L, Hu JY, Wang SQ. The role of antioxidants in photoprotection: A critical review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:1013-24.
27. Yaar M, Gilchrest BA. Photoaging: Mechanism, prevention, and therapy. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:874-87.
28. Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Wlaschek M, Brenneisen P, Schauen M, Blaudschun R, Wenk J. UV-induced reactive oxygen species in photocarcinogenesis and photoaging. Biol Chem. 1997;378:1247-57.
29. Fisher GJ, Kang S, Varani J, Bata-Csorgo Z, Wan Y, Datta S, et al. Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1462-70.
30. Fusco D, Colloca G, Lo Monaco MR, Cesari M. Effects of antioxidants on the aging process. Clin Interv Aging. 2007;2:377-87.
31. Hancock JT, Desikan R, Neill SJ. Role of reactive oxygen species in cell signaling pathways. Biochem Soc Trans. 2001;39:(Pt.2):342-50.
32. Kaliora AC, Dedoussis GV, Schmidt H. Dietary antioxidants in preventing atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis. 2006;187:1-17.
33. Junkins-Hopkins JM. Antioxidants and their chemopreventive properties in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:663-5.
34. Lorencini M, Brohem CA, Dieamant GC, Zanchin NI, Maibach HI. Active ingredients against human epidermal aging. Ageing Res Rev. 2014;15:100-15.
35. Arrigoni O, De Tulio MC. Ascorbic acid: Much more than just an antioxidant. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002;1569:1-9.
36. Zussman J, Ahdout J, Kim J. Vitamins and photoaging: Do scientific data support their use? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63:507-25.
37. Pinnel SR, Yang H, Omar M, Monteiro-Riviere N, DeBuys HV, Walker LC, et al. Topical L-ascorbic acid: Percutaneous absorption studies. Dermatol Surg. 2001;27:137-42.
38. Thiele JJ, Hsieh SN, Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage S. Vitamin E: Critical review of its current use in cosmetic and clinical dermatology. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31:805-13.
39. Limón-Pacheco J, Gonsebatt ME. The role of antioxidants and antioxidant-related enzymes in protective responses to environmentally induced oxidative stress. Mutat Res. 2009;674;137-47.
40. Chaudiére J, Ferrari-lliou R. Intracellular antioxidants: From chemical to biochemical mechanisms. Food Chem Toxicol. 1999;37:949-62.
41. Thiele JJ, Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage S. Vitamin E in human skin: Organ-specific physiology and considerations for its use in dermatology. Mol Aspects Med. 2007;28:646-67.
42. Traber MG, Stevens JF. Vitamin C and E: Beneficial effects from a mechanistic perspective. Free Radic Biolo Med. 2011;51:1000-13.
43. Steenvoorden DP, van Henegouwen GM. The use of endogenous antioxidants to improve photoprotection. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1997;41:1-10.
44. Braicu C, Ladomery MR, Chedea VS, Irimie A, Berindan-Neagoe I. The relationship between the structure and biological actions of green tea catechins. Food Chem. 2013;141:3282-9.
45. Afag F, Mukhtar H. Biotanical antioxidants in the prevention of photocarcinogenesis and photoaging. Exp Dermatol. 2006;15:678-84.
46. Sticozzi C, Cervellati F, Muresan XM, Cervellati C, Valacchi G. Resveratrol prevents smoke-induced keratinocytes damage. Food Funct. 2014;5:2348-56.
47. Timmers S, Konings E, Bilet L, Houtkooper RH, van de Weijer T, Goossens GH, et al. Calorie restriction-like effects of 30 days of resveratrol supplementation on energy metabolism and metabolic profile in obese humans. Cell Metab. 2011;14:612-22.
48. Shay KP, Moreau RF, Smith EJ, Smith AR, Hagen TM. Alpha-lipoic acid as a dietary supplement: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1790:1149:60.
49. Ptersen Shay K, Moreau RF, Smith EJ, Hagen TM. Is alpha-lipoic acid a scavenger of reactive oxygen species in vivo? Evidence for its initiation of stress signaling pathways that promote endogenous antioxidant capacity. IUBMB Life. 2008;60:362-7.
50. Merry BJ, Kirk AJ, Goyns MH. Dietary lipoic acid supplementation can mimic or block the effect of dietary restriction on life span. Mech Ageing Dev. 2008;129:341-8.
51. Javed S, Petropoulos IN, Alam U, Malik RA. Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2015;6:15-28.
52. Papanas N, Ziegler D. Efficacy of a-lipoic acid in diabetic neuropathy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014;15:2721-31.
53. Gidal BE. New and emerging treatment options for neuropathic pain. Am J Manag Care. 2006;12(Suppl.):S269-78.
54. Shindo Y, Witt E, Han D, Epstein W, Packer L. Enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in epidermis and dermis of human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1994;102:122-4.
55. Rhie G, Shin MH, Seo JY, Choi WW, Cho KH, Kim KH, et al. Aging-and photoaging dependent changes of enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants in the epidermis and dermis of human skin in vivo. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;117:1212-7.
56. Hernández-Pérez E, Khawaja HA, Álvarez TYM. Oral isotretinoin as part of the treatment of cutaneous aging. Dermatol Surg. 2000;26:649-52.
57. Rabello-Fonseca RM, Azulay DR, Luiz RR, Mandarimde-Lacerda CA, Cuzzi T, Manela-Azulay M. Oral isotretinoin in photoaging: Clinical and histopathological evidence of efficacy of an off-label indication. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:115-23.
58. Kalil CL, Fachinello FZ, Lamb FM, Comunello LN. Use of oral isotretinoin in photoaging therapy. Skinmed. 2008;7:10-4.
59. Anstey AV. Systemic photoprotection with a-tocopherol (vitamin E) and ß-carotene. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2002;27:170-6.
60. Eicker J, Kurten V, Wild S, Riss G, Goralczyk R, Krutmann J, et al. Betacarotene supplementation protects from photoaging-associated DNA mutation. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2003;2:655-9.
61. McArdle F, Rhodes LE, Parslew RA, Close GL, Jack CI, Friedmann PS, et al. Effects of oral vitamin E and B-carotene supplementation on ultraviolet radiation induced oxidative stress in human skin. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1270-5.
62. Richelle M, Sabatier M, Steiling H, Williamson G. Skin bioavailability of dietary vitamin E, carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamin C, zinc, and selenium. Br J Nutr. 2006;96:227-38.
63. Garmyn M, Ribaya-Mercado JD, Russel RM, Bhawan J, Gilchrest BA. Effect of beta-carotene supplementation on the human sunburn reaction. Exp Dermatol. 1995;4:104-11.
64. Eberlein-Konig B, Placzek M, Przybilla B. Protective effect against sunburn of combined systemic ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and d-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:45-8.
65. Fuchs J, Kern H. Modulation of UV-light-induced skin inflammation by d-a-tocopherol and L-ascorbic acid: A clinical study using solar simulated radiation. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998;25:1006-12.
66. González S, Gilaberte Y, Philips, Juarranz A. Fernblock, a nutriceutical with photoprotective properties and potential preventive agent for skin photoaging and photoinduced skin cancers. Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12:8466-75.
67. El-Haj N, Golstein N. Sun protection in a pill: The photoprotective properties of Polypodium leucotomos extract. Int J Dermatol. 2015;54:362-6.
68. González S, Gilaberte Y, Philips N. Current Trends in photoprotection - a new generation of oral photoprotectors. The Open Dermatology Journal. 2011;5:1-9.
69. Bafana A, Dutt S, Kumar A, Kumar S, Ahuja PS. The basic and applied aspects of superoxide dismutase. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzimatic. 2010;68:129-38.
70. Nakajima S, Ohsawa I, Nagata K, Ohta S, Ohno M, Ijichi T, et al. Oral supplementation with melon superoxide dismutase extract promotes antioxidant defenses in the brain and prevents stress-induced impairment of spatial memory. Behav Brain Res. 2009;200:15-21
71. Skarpanska-Stejnborn A, Pilaczynska-Szczesniak L, Basta P. Effects of oral supplementation with plant superoxide dismutase extract on selected redox parameters and an inflammatory marker in a 2,000-m rowing-ergometer test. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2011;21:124-34.
Cómo citar
1.
Mariaca CJ, Zapata M, Uribe P. Oxidación y antioxidantes: hechos y controversias. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 1 de julio de 2016 [citado 18 de abril de 2024];24(3):162-73. Disponible en: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/292
Descargas
Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.
Descargas
Publicado
2016-07-01
Cómo citar
1.
Mariaca CJ, Zapata M, Uribe P. Oxidación y antioxidantes: hechos y controversias. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 1 de julio de 2016 [citado 18 de abril de 2024];24(3):162-73. Disponible en: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/292
Número
Sección
Artículo de revisión
