Innate immunity in the skin
Keywords:
innate immunity, antimicrobial peptides, Toll-like receptors, cathelicidin, keratinocytes, pathogen-associated molecular patternsAbstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens, which despite having poor specificity and lack of immunological memory, has the advantage of providing a quick response. The skin is a constituent part of innate immunity and has a large arsenal protector such as antimicrobial peptides, different cell types with a wide distribution of receptors, among these, the toll-like receptors, able to recognize structural components of microorganisms called pathogenassociated molecular patterns. Understanding the components and functions of the innate immune system in the skin allows a better approach to the immunopathogenesis of various chronic skin diseases.
Author Biographies
Delsy Yurledy Del Río
Médica, residente de Dermatología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
Margarita María Velásquez
Médica dermatóloga; profesora, Sección de Dermatología, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina; Grupo de Investigación Dermatológica, GRID, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
References
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2. Blanco JL, García ME. Immune response to fungal infections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2008;125:47-70.
3. Aristizábal B, González A, Pérez B, Flórez V, Martínez C. Respuesta inmune innata. En: Anaya J, Shoenfeld Y, Correa P, García M, Cervera R, editores. Autoinmunidad y enfermedad autoinmune. Colombia: Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB; 2005. p. 21-8.
4. Gardy JL, Lynn DJ, Brinkman FS, Hancock RE. Enabling a systems biology approach to immunology: Focus on innate immunity. Trends Immunol. 2009;30:249-62.
5. Hayday AC, Spencer J. Barrier immunity. Semin Immunol. 2009;21:99-100.
6. Meyer T, Stockfleth E, Christophers E. Immune response profiles in human skin. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:1-7.
7. Dorschner R, López B, Massie J, Kim J, Gallo R. Innate immune defense of the nail unit by antimicrobial peptides. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50:343-48.
8. Schröder J, Gläser R, Harder J. Antimicrobial peptides: Effector molecules of the cutaneous defense system. Int Cong Ser. 2007;1302:26-35.
9. Schauber J, Gallo R. Antimicrobial peptides and the skin immune defense system. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:261-6.
10. Foley P. An immunological perspective on skin disease. Drug Discov Today Dis Mech. 2008;5:3-9.
11. Yamasaki K, Schauber J, Coda A, Dorschner R, Schechter N, Gallo R, et al. Kallikrein-mediated proteolysis regulates the antimicrobial effects of cathelicidins in skin. FASEB J. 2006;20:2068-80.
12. Bouzari N, Kim N, Kirsner RS. Defense of the skin with LL37. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129:814.
13. Howell M, Wollenberg A, Gallo R, Flaig M, Streib J, Leung D, et al. Cathelicidin deficiency predisposes to eczema herpeticum. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:836-41.
14. Niyonsaba F, Suzuki A, Ushio H, Nagaoka I, Ogawa H, Okumura K. The human antimicrobial peptide dermcidin activates normal human keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:243-9.
15. Torii K, Maeda A, Saito C, Furuhashi T, Shintani Y, Morita A, et al. UVB wavelength dependency of antimicrobial peptide induction for innate immunity in normal human keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;56:217-9.
16. Glaser R, Navid F, Schuller W, Jantschitsch C, Schwarz T, Schröder J, et al. UV-B radiation induces the expression of antimicrobial peptides in human keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123:1117-23.
17. Namjoshi S, Caccetta R, Benson HA. Skin peptides: Biological activity and therapeutic opportunities. J Pharm Sci. 2008;97:2524-42.
18. Krutmann J. Pre- and probiotics for human skin. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;54:1-5.
19. Petry V, Gaspari A. Toll-like receptors and dermatology. Int J Dermatol. 2009;48:558-70.
20. Lai Y, Gallo RL. Toll-like receptors in skin infectious and inflammatory diseases. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2008;8:144-55.
21. Miller LS. Toll-like receptors in skin. Adv Dermatol. 2008;24:71-87.
22. Kang S, Kauls L, Gaspari A. Toll-like receptors: Applications to dermatologic disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:951-83.
23. Jin H, Kumar L, Mathias C, Zurakowski D, Oettgen H, Geha R, et al. Toll-like receptor 2 is important for the TH1 response to cutaneous sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123:875-82.
24. Kawai K, Shimura H, Minagawa M, Ito A, Tomiyama K, Ito M. Expression of functional Toll-like receptor 2 on human epidermal keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci. 2002;30:185-94.
25. Pivarcsi A, Nagy I, Kemeny L. Innate immunity in the skin: How keratinocytes fight against pathogens. Curr Immunol Rev. 2005;1:29-42.
26. Fritz JH, Le Bourhis L, Magalhaes JG, Philpott DJ. Innate immune recognition at the epithelial barrier drives adaptive immunity: APCs take the back seat. Trends Immunol. 2008;29:41-9.
27. Sugita K, Kabashima K, Atarashi K, Shimauchi T, Kobayashi M, Tokura Y. Innate immunity mediated by epidermal keratinocytes promotes acquired immunity involving Langerhans cells and T cells in the skin. Clin Exp Immunol. 2007;147:176-83.
28. Sayama K, Komatsuzawa H, Yamasaki K, Shirakata Y, Hanakawa Y, Ouhara K, et al. New mechanisms of skin innate immunity: ASK1-mediated keratinocyte differentiation regulates the expression of beta-defensins, LL37, and TLR2. Eur J Immunol. 2005;35:1886-95.
29. Nickoloff BJ. Cutaneous dendritic cells in the crossfire between innate and adaptive immunity. J Dermatol Sci. 2002;29:159-65.
30. Clark GJ, Angel N, Kato M, López JA, MacDonald K, Vuckovic S, et al. The role of dendritic cells in the innate immune system. Microbes Infect. 2000;2:257-72.
31. Conrad C, Meller S, Gilliet M. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the skin: To sense or not to sense nucleic acids. Semin Immunol. 2009;21:101-9.
32. Pascale F, Contreras V, Bonneau M, Courbet A, Chilmonczyk S, Bevilacqua C, et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells migrate in afferent skin lymph. J Immunol. 2008;180:5963-72.
33. Ohteki T. The Dynamics of dendritic cell: Mediated innate immune regulation. Allergol Int. 2007;56:209-14.
34. Schröder JM, Reich K, Kabashima K, Liu FT, Romani N, Metz M, et al. Who is really in control of skin immunity under physiological circumstances: Lymphocytes, dendritic cells or keratinocytes? Exp Dermatol. 2006;15:913-29.
35. Marks BR, Craft J. Barrier immunity and IL-17. Semin Immunol. 2009;21:164-71.
36. Chávez D. Receptores tipo Toll (Toll like receptors). Revista Latinoamericana de Actualizaciones Biomédicas. 2007;1:3-9.
37. Pietschmann K, Beetz S, Welte S, Martens I, Gruen J, Oberg HH, et al. Toll-like receptor expression and function in subsets of human gamma delta T lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol. 2009;70:245-55.
38. De Benedetto A, Agnihothri R, McGirt LY, Bankova LG, Beck LA. Atopic dermatitis: A disease caused by innate immune defects?.J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129:14-30.
39. Peternel S, Kastelan M. Immunopathogenesis of psoriasis: Focus on natural killer T cells. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:1123-7.
40. Lu K, McCormick T, Gilliam A, Kang K, Cooper K. Monocytes and macrophages in human skin. En: Bos JD, editor. Skin immune system cutaneous. Immunology and clinical immunodermatology. Third edition. Amsterdam: CRC Press; 2005. p. 183-205.
41. John B, Hunter CA. Neutrophil soldiers or Trojan horses? Science. 2008;321:917-8.
42. Metz M, Siebenhaar F, Maurer M. Mast cell functions in the innate skin immune system. Immunobiology. 2008;213:251-60.
43. Metz M, Magerl M, Kühl N, Valeva A, Bhakdi S, Maurer M. Mast cells determine the magnitude of bacterial toxininduced skin inflammation. Exp Dermatol. 2008;18:160-6.
44. Fitzner N, Clauberg S, Essmann F, Liebmann J, KolbBachofen V. Human skin endothelial cells can express all 10 TLR genes and respond to respective ligands. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008;15:138-46.
45. Yoshio H, Lagercrantz H, Gudmundsson GH, Agerberth B. First line of defense in early human life. Semin Perinatol. 2004;28:304-11.
46. Walker VP, Akinbi HT, Meinzen-Derr J, Narendran V, Visscher M, Hoath SB. Host defense proteins on the surface of neonatal skin: Implications for innate immunity. J Pediatr. 2008;152:777-81.
47. Panda A, Arjona A, Sapey E, Bai F, Fikrig E, Montgomery RR, et al. Human innate immunosenescence: Causes and consequences for immunity in old age. Trends Immunol. 2009;30:325-33.
48. Gomez CR, Nomellini V, Faunce DE, Kovacs EJ. Innate immunity and aging. Exp Gerontol. 2008;43:718-28.
49. Mocchegiani E, Malavolta M. NK and NKT cell functions in immunosenescence. Aging Cell. 2004;3:177-84.
50. Irvine AD, McLean WH. Breaking the (un) sound barrier: Filaggrin is a major gene for atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2006;126:1200-2.
51. Hata TR, Gallo RL. Antimicrobial peptides, skin infections, and atopic dermatitis. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2008;27:144-50.
52. Büchau A, Gallo RL. Innate immunity and antimicrobial defense systems in psoriasis. Clin Dermatol. 2007;25:616-24.
53. Bos JD. Psoriasis, innate immunity, and gene pools. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56:468-71.
54. Stanley MA. Imiquimod and the imidazoquinolones: Mechanism of action and therapeutic potential. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2002;27:571-7.
55. Berghöfer B, Haley G, Frommer T, Bein G, Hackstein H. Natural and synthetic TLR7 ligands inhibit CpG-A- and CpG-C- oligodeoxynucleotide-induced IFN- alpha production. J Immunol. 2007;178:4072-9.
56. Klechevsky E, Liu M, Morita R, Banchereau R, ThompsonSnipes L, Palucka AK, et al. Understanding human myeloid dendritic cell subsets for the rational design of novel vaccines. Hum Immunol. 2009;70:281-8.
57. Schauber J, Gallo RL. The vitamin D pathway: A new target for control of the skin’s immune response? Exp Dermatol. 2008;17:633-9.
2. Blanco JL, García ME. Immune response to fungal infections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2008;125:47-70.
3. Aristizábal B, González A, Pérez B, Flórez V, Martínez C. Respuesta inmune innata. En: Anaya J, Shoenfeld Y, Correa P, García M, Cervera R, editores. Autoinmunidad y enfermedad autoinmune. Colombia: Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB; 2005. p. 21-8.
4. Gardy JL, Lynn DJ, Brinkman FS, Hancock RE. Enabling a systems biology approach to immunology: Focus on innate immunity. Trends Immunol. 2009;30:249-62.
5. Hayday AC, Spencer J. Barrier immunity. Semin Immunol. 2009;21:99-100.
6. Meyer T, Stockfleth E, Christophers E. Immune response profiles in human skin. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:1-7.
7. Dorschner R, López B, Massie J, Kim J, Gallo R. Innate immune defense of the nail unit by antimicrobial peptides. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50:343-48.
8. Schröder J, Gläser R, Harder J. Antimicrobial peptides: Effector molecules of the cutaneous defense system. Int Cong Ser. 2007;1302:26-35.
9. Schauber J, Gallo R. Antimicrobial peptides and the skin immune defense system. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:261-6.
10. Foley P. An immunological perspective on skin disease. Drug Discov Today Dis Mech. 2008;5:3-9.
11. Yamasaki K, Schauber J, Coda A, Dorschner R, Schechter N, Gallo R, et al. Kallikrein-mediated proteolysis regulates the antimicrobial effects of cathelicidins in skin. FASEB J. 2006;20:2068-80.
12. Bouzari N, Kim N, Kirsner RS. Defense of the skin with LL37. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129:814.
13. Howell M, Wollenberg A, Gallo R, Flaig M, Streib J, Leung D, et al. Cathelicidin deficiency predisposes to eczema herpeticum. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:836-41.
14. Niyonsaba F, Suzuki A, Ushio H, Nagaoka I, Ogawa H, Okumura K. The human antimicrobial peptide dermcidin activates normal human keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:243-9.
15. Torii K, Maeda A, Saito C, Furuhashi T, Shintani Y, Morita A, et al. UVB wavelength dependency of antimicrobial peptide induction for innate immunity in normal human keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;56:217-9.
16. Glaser R, Navid F, Schuller W, Jantschitsch C, Schwarz T, Schröder J, et al. UV-B radiation induces the expression of antimicrobial peptides in human keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123:1117-23.
17. Namjoshi S, Caccetta R, Benson HA. Skin peptides: Biological activity and therapeutic opportunities. J Pharm Sci. 2008;97:2524-42.
18. Krutmann J. Pre- and probiotics for human skin. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;54:1-5.
19. Petry V, Gaspari A. Toll-like receptors and dermatology. Int J Dermatol. 2009;48:558-70.
20. Lai Y, Gallo RL. Toll-like receptors in skin infectious and inflammatory diseases. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2008;8:144-55.
21. Miller LS. Toll-like receptors in skin. Adv Dermatol. 2008;24:71-87.
22. Kang S, Kauls L, Gaspari A. Toll-like receptors: Applications to dermatologic disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:951-83.
23. Jin H, Kumar L, Mathias C, Zurakowski D, Oettgen H, Geha R, et al. Toll-like receptor 2 is important for the TH1 response to cutaneous sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123:875-82.
24. Kawai K, Shimura H, Minagawa M, Ito A, Tomiyama K, Ito M. Expression of functional Toll-like receptor 2 on human epidermal keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci. 2002;30:185-94.
25. Pivarcsi A, Nagy I, Kemeny L. Innate immunity in the skin: How keratinocytes fight against pathogens. Curr Immunol Rev. 2005;1:29-42.
26. Fritz JH, Le Bourhis L, Magalhaes JG, Philpott DJ. Innate immune recognition at the epithelial barrier drives adaptive immunity: APCs take the back seat. Trends Immunol. 2008;29:41-9.
27. Sugita K, Kabashima K, Atarashi K, Shimauchi T, Kobayashi M, Tokura Y. Innate immunity mediated by epidermal keratinocytes promotes acquired immunity involving Langerhans cells and T cells in the skin. Clin Exp Immunol. 2007;147:176-83.
28. Sayama K, Komatsuzawa H, Yamasaki K, Shirakata Y, Hanakawa Y, Ouhara K, et al. New mechanisms of skin innate immunity: ASK1-mediated keratinocyte differentiation regulates the expression of beta-defensins, LL37, and TLR2. Eur J Immunol. 2005;35:1886-95.
29. Nickoloff BJ. Cutaneous dendritic cells in the crossfire between innate and adaptive immunity. J Dermatol Sci. 2002;29:159-65.
30. Clark GJ, Angel N, Kato M, López JA, MacDonald K, Vuckovic S, et al. The role of dendritic cells in the innate immune system. Microbes Infect. 2000;2:257-72.
31. Conrad C, Meller S, Gilliet M. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the skin: To sense or not to sense nucleic acids. Semin Immunol. 2009;21:101-9.
32. Pascale F, Contreras V, Bonneau M, Courbet A, Chilmonczyk S, Bevilacqua C, et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells migrate in afferent skin lymph. J Immunol. 2008;180:5963-72.
33. Ohteki T. The Dynamics of dendritic cell: Mediated innate immune regulation. Allergol Int. 2007;56:209-14.
34. Schröder JM, Reich K, Kabashima K, Liu FT, Romani N, Metz M, et al. Who is really in control of skin immunity under physiological circumstances: Lymphocytes, dendritic cells or keratinocytes? Exp Dermatol. 2006;15:913-29.
35. Marks BR, Craft J. Barrier immunity and IL-17. Semin Immunol. 2009;21:164-71.
36. Chávez D. Receptores tipo Toll (Toll like receptors). Revista Latinoamericana de Actualizaciones Biomédicas. 2007;1:3-9.
37. Pietschmann K, Beetz S, Welte S, Martens I, Gruen J, Oberg HH, et al. Toll-like receptor expression and function in subsets of human gamma delta T lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol. 2009;70:245-55.
38. De Benedetto A, Agnihothri R, McGirt LY, Bankova LG, Beck LA. Atopic dermatitis: A disease caused by innate immune defects?.J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129:14-30.
39. Peternel S, Kastelan M. Immunopathogenesis of psoriasis: Focus on natural killer T cells. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:1123-7.
40. Lu K, McCormick T, Gilliam A, Kang K, Cooper K. Monocytes and macrophages in human skin. En: Bos JD, editor. Skin immune system cutaneous. Immunology and clinical immunodermatology. Third edition. Amsterdam: CRC Press; 2005. p. 183-205.
41. John B, Hunter CA. Neutrophil soldiers or Trojan horses? Science. 2008;321:917-8.
42. Metz M, Siebenhaar F, Maurer M. Mast cell functions in the innate skin immune system. Immunobiology. 2008;213:251-60.
43. Metz M, Magerl M, Kühl N, Valeva A, Bhakdi S, Maurer M. Mast cells determine the magnitude of bacterial toxininduced skin inflammation. Exp Dermatol. 2008;18:160-6.
44. Fitzner N, Clauberg S, Essmann F, Liebmann J, KolbBachofen V. Human skin endothelial cells can express all 10 TLR genes and respond to respective ligands. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008;15:138-46.
45. Yoshio H, Lagercrantz H, Gudmundsson GH, Agerberth B. First line of defense in early human life. Semin Perinatol. 2004;28:304-11.
46. Walker VP, Akinbi HT, Meinzen-Derr J, Narendran V, Visscher M, Hoath SB. Host defense proteins on the surface of neonatal skin: Implications for innate immunity. J Pediatr. 2008;152:777-81.
47. Panda A, Arjona A, Sapey E, Bai F, Fikrig E, Montgomery RR, et al. Human innate immunosenescence: Causes and consequences for immunity in old age. Trends Immunol. 2009;30:325-33.
48. Gomez CR, Nomellini V, Faunce DE, Kovacs EJ. Innate immunity and aging. Exp Gerontol. 2008;43:718-28.
49. Mocchegiani E, Malavolta M. NK and NKT cell functions in immunosenescence. Aging Cell. 2004;3:177-84.
50. Irvine AD, McLean WH. Breaking the (un) sound barrier: Filaggrin is a major gene for atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2006;126:1200-2.
51. Hata TR, Gallo RL. Antimicrobial peptides, skin infections, and atopic dermatitis. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2008;27:144-50.
52. Büchau A, Gallo RL. Innate immunity and antimicrobial defense systems in psoriasis. Clin Dermatol. 2007;25:616-24.
53. Bos JD. Psoriasis, innate immunity, and gene pools. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56:468-71.
54. Stanley MA. Imiquimod and the imidazoquinolones: Mechanism of action and therapeutic potential. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2002;27:571-7.
55. Berghöfer B, Haley G, Frommer T, Bein G, Hackstein H. Natural and synthetic TLR7 ligands inhibit CpG-A- and CpG-C- oligodeoxynucleotide-induced IFN- alpha production. J Immunol. 2007;178:4072-9.
56. Klechevsky E, Liu M, Morita R, Banchereau R, ThompsonSnipes L, Palucka AK, et al. Understanding human myeloid dendritic cell subsets for the rational design of novel vaccines. Hum Immunol. 2009;70:281-8.
57. Schauber J, Gallo RL. The vitamin D pathway: A new target for control of the skin’s immune response? Exp Dermatol. 2008;17:633-9.
How to Cite
1.
Del Río DY, Velásquez MM. Innate immunity in the skin. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 2019 Mar. 4 [cited 2024 Jul. 22];19(4):307-18. Available from: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/352
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2019-03-04
How to Cite
1.
Del Río DY, Velásquez MM. Innate immunity in the skin. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 2019 Mar. 4 [cited 2024 Jul. 22];19(4):307-18. Available from: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/352
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