Microbiota de la piel: el ecosistema cutáneo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29176/2590843X.261Palabras clave:
microbiota, ecosistema, microbiología, flora cutáneaResumen
En la superficie cutánea cohabitan bacterias, hongos y parásitos que, en condiciones normales, constituyen un complejo ecosistema en permanente interacción con el huésped. Este ecosistema participa activamente en la doble función protectora de la piel, como barrera física e inmunológica. Por lo tanto, cuando el equilibrio del ecosistema se trastorna, se generan consecuencias negativas que predisponen y causan la aparición de enfermedades.
En esta revisión se describen las características del ecosistema cutáneo, la composición de la microbiota de la piel, su variabilidad y las bases fisiológicas de sus principales interacciones.
Biografía del autor/a
Luz Angélica Patiño
Médica, residente de segundo año de Dermatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia; Centro Dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta, E.S.E., Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
Camilo Andrés Morales
Médico dermatólogo, Oficina de Docencia e Investigación, Centro Dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta, E.S.E., Bogotá, D.C., Colombia; instructor, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia.
Referencias bibliográficas
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27. Akaza N, Akamatsu H, Sasaki Y, Takeoka S, Kishi M, Mizutani H, et al. Cutaneous Malassezia microbiota of healthy subjects differ by sex, body part and season. J Dermatol. 2010;7:786-92.
28. Chagas-Neto TC, Chaves GM, Colombo AL. Update on the genusTrichosporon. Mycopathologia. 2008;166:121-32.
29. Biasoli MS, Carlson D, Chiganer GJ, Parodi R, Greca A, Tosello ME, et al. Systemic infection caused by Trichosporon asahii in a patient with liver transplant. Med Mycol. 2008;46:719-23.
30. Shinde RS, Mantur BG, Patil G, Parande MV, Parande AM. Meningitis due to Rhodotorula glutinis in an HIV infected patient. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2008;26:375-7.
31. de Rojas M, Riazzo C, Callejón R, Guevara D, Cutillas C. Morphobiometrical and molecular study of two populations of Demodex folliculorum from humans. Parasitol Res. 2012;110:227-33.
32. Kligman AM, Christensen MS. Demodex folliculorum: Requirements for understanding its role in human skin disease. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131:8-10.
33. Lacey N, Kavanagh K, Tseng SC. Under the lash: Demodex mites in human diseases. Biochem (Lond). 2009;31:2-6.
34. Meyer T, Stockfleth E, Christophers E. Immune response profiles in human skin. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:1-7.
35. Schauber J, Gallo RL. Antimicrobial peptides and the skin immune defense system J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:261-6.
36. Chamorro CI, Weber G, Grönberg A, Pivarcsi A, Stahle M. The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 suppresses apoptosis in keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129:937-44.
37. Krishna S, Miller LS. Innate and adaptive immune responses against Staphylococcus aureus skin infections. Semin Immunopathol. 2012;34:261-80.
38. Yamasaki K, Schauber J, Coda A, Lin H, Dorschner RA, Schechter NM, et al. Kallikrein-mediated proteolysis regulates the antimicrobial effects of cathelicidins in skin. FASEB J. 2006;20:2068-80.
39. Schroeder BO, Wu Z, Nuding S, Groscurth S, Marcinowski M, Beisner J, et al. Reduction of disulphide bonds unmasks potent antimicrobial activity of human beta-defensin 1. Nature. 2011;469:419-23.
40. Abtin A, Eckhart L, Gläser R, Gmeiner R, Mildner M, Tschachler E, et al. The antimicrobial heterodimer S100A8/S100A9 (calprotectin) is upregulated by bacterial flagellin in human epidermal keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2010;130:2423-30.
41. Maerki C, Meuter S, Liebi M, Mühlemann K, Frederick MJ, Yawalkar N, et al. Potent and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of CXCL14 suggests an immediate role in skin infections. J Immunol. 2009;182:507-14.
42. Lai Y, Di Nardo A, Nakatsuji T, Leichtle A, Yang Y, Cogen AL, et al. Commensal bacteria regulate Toll-like receptor 3-dependent inflammation after skin injury. Nat Med. 2009;15:1377-82.
43. Bastos MC, Ceotto H, Coelho ML, Nascimento JS. Staphylococcal antimicrobial peptides: Relevant properties and potential biotechnological applications. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2009;10:38-41.
2. Navarro FA. Glosario dermatológico de dudas inglés-español (1ª parte): A-F. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 1999;90:327-38.
3. Prats G. Los microbios y la enfermedad. En: Prats G. Microbiología clínica. Primera edición. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana; 2006. p. 1-14.
4. Kong HH, Segre JA. Skin microbiome: Looking back to move forward. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;13:933-9.
5. Kligman AM, Leyden JJ, McGinley KJ. Bacteriology. J Invest Dermatol. 1976;67:160-8.
6. Marples MJ. Life on the human skin. Sci Am. 1969;220:108-15.
7. Fredricks DN. Microbial ecology of human skin in health and disease. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc. 2001;6:167-9.
8. Grice EA, Segre JA. The skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011;9:244-53.
9. Zhao L. Genomics: The tale of our other genome. Nature. 2010;465:879-80.
10. Kong HH. Skin microbiome: Genomics-based insights into the diversity and role of skin microbes. Trends Mol Med. 2011;17:320-8.
11. Cogen AL, Nizet V, Gallo RL. Skin microbiota: A source of disease or defence? Br J Dermatol. 2008;158:442-55.
12. Verhulst NO, Qiu YT, Beijleveld H, Maliepaard C, Knights D, Schulz S. Composition of human skin microbiota affects attractiveness to malaria mosquitoes. PLoS One. 2011;6:e28991.
13. De Jong R, Knols BG. Selection of biting sites on man by two malaria mosquito species. Experientia. 1995;51:80-4.
14. Roth RR, James WD. Microbiology of the skin: Resident flora, ecology, infection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;20:367-90.
15. Reid G, Younes JA, van der Mei HC, Gloor GB, Knight R, Busscher HJ. Microbiota restoration: Natural and supplemented recovery of human microbial communities. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011;9:27-38.
16. Hoffjan S, Stemmler S. On the role of the epidermal differentiation complex in ichthyosis vulgaris, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:441-9.
17. Gambichler T, Boms S, Stucker M, Kreuter A, Moussa G, Sand M, et al. Epidermal thickness assessed by optical coherence tomography and routine histology: Preliminary results of method comparison. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006;20:791-5.
18. Mourelatos K, Eady EA, Cunliffe WJ, Clark SM, Cove JH. Temporal changes in sebum excretion and propionibacterial colonization in preadolescent children with and without acne. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:22-31.
19. Pessanha B, Farb A, Lwin T, Lloyd B, Virmani R. Infectious endocarditis due to Corynebacterium xerosis. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2003;12:98-101.
20. Bierbaum G, Götz F, Peschel A, Kupke T, van de Kamp M, Sahl HG. The biosynthesis of the lantibiotics epidermin, gallidermin, Pep5 and epilancin K7. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.1996;69:119-27.
21. Wächtler B, Citiulo F, Jablonowski N, Förster S, Dalle F, Schaller M, et al. Candida albicans-epithelial interactions: Dissecting the roles of active penetration, induced endocytosis and host factors on the infection process. PLoS One. 2012;7:e36952.
22. Waggoner-Fountain LA, Walker MW, Hollis RJ, Pfaller MA, Ferguson JE 2nd, Wenzel RP, et al. Vertical and horizontal transmission of unique Candida species to premature newborns. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:803-8.
23. Ashbee HR. Update on the genus Malassezia. Med Mycol. 2007;45:287-303.
24. Prohic A, Kasumagic-Halilovic E. Identification of Malassezia pachydermatis from healthy and diseased human skin. Med Arh. 2009,63:317-9.
25. Hernández FH, Javier L, Tovar M, Mora EB, López AA. Especies de Malassezia asociadas a diversas dermatosis y a piel sana en población mexicana. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2003;52:141-4.
26. Gaitanis G, Chasapi V, Velegraki A. Novel application of the masson-fontana stain for demonstrating Malassezia species melanin-like pigment production in vitro and in clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:4147-51.
27. Akaza N, Akamatsu H, Sasaki Y, Takeoka S, Kishi M, Mizutani H, et al. Cutaneous Malassezia microbiota of healthy subjects differ by sex, body part and season. J Dermatol. 2010;7:786-92.
28. Chagas-Neto TC, Chaves GM, Colombo AL. Update on the genusTrichosporon. Mycopathologia. 2008;166:121-32.
29. Biasoli MS, Carlson D, Chiganer GJ, Parodi R, Greca A, Tosello ME, et al. Systemic infection caused by Trichosporon asahii in a patient with liver transplant. Med Mycol. 2008;46:719-23.
30. Shinde RS, Mantur BG, Patil G, Parande MV, Parande AM. Meningitis due to Rhodotorula glutinis in an HIV infected patient. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2008;26:375-7.
31. de Rojas M, Riazzo C, Callejón R, Guevara D, Cutillas C. Morphobiometrical and molecular study of two populations of Demodex folliculorum from humans. Parasitol Res. 2012;110:227-33.
32. Kligman AM, Christensen MS. Demodex folliculorum: Requirements for understanding its role in human skin disease. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131:8-10.
33. Lacey N, Kavanagh K, Tseng SC. Under the lash: Demodex mites in human diseases. Biochem (Lond). 2009;31:2-6.
34. Meyer T, Stockfleth E, Christophers E. Immune response profiles in human skin. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:1-7.
35. Schauber J, Gallo RL. Antimicrobial peptides and the skin immune defense system J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:261-6.
36. Chamorro CI, Weber G, Grönberg A, Pivarcsi A, Stahle M. The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 suppresses apoptosis in keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129:937-44.
37. Krishna S, Miller LS. Innate and adaptive immune responses against Staphylococcus aureus skin infections. Semin Immunopathol. 2012;34:261-80.
38. Yamasaki K, Schauber J, Coda A, Lin H, Dorschner RA, Schechter NM, et al. Kallikrein-mediated proteolysis regulates the antimicrobial effects of cathelicidins in skin. FASEB J. 2006;20:2068-80.
39. Schroeder BO, Wu Z, Nuding S, Groscurth S, Marcinowski M, Beisner J, et al. Reduction of disulphide bonds unmasks potent antimicrobial activity of human beta-defensin 1. Nature. 2011;469:419-23.
40. Abtin A, Eckhart L, Gläser R, Gmeiner R, Mildner M, Tschachler E, et al. The antimicrobial heterodimer S100A8/S100A9 (calprotectin) is upregulated by bacterial flagellin in human epidermal keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2010;130:2423-30.
41. Maerki C, Meuter S, Liebi M, Mühlemann K, Frederick MJ, Yawalkar N, et al. Potent and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of CXCL14 suggests an immediate role in skin infections. J Immunol. 2009;182:507-14.
42. Lai Y, Di Nardo A, Nakatsuji T, Leichtle A, Yang Y, Cogen AL, et al. Commensal bacteria regulate Toll-like receptor 3-dependent inflammation after skin injury. Nat Med. 2009;15:1377-82.
43. Bastos MC, Ceotto H, Coelho ML, Nascimento JS. Staphylococcal antimicrobial peptides: Relevant properties and potential biotechnological applications. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2009;10:38-41.
Cómo citar
1.
Patiño LA, Morales CA. Microbiota de la piel: el ecosistema cutáneo. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 1 de abril de 2013 [citado 25 de abril de 2024];21(2):147-58. Disponible en: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/261
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2013-04-01
Cómo citar
1.
Patiño LA, Morales CA. Microbiota de la piel: el ecosistema cutáneo. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 1 de abril de 2013 [citado 25 de abril de 2024];21(2):147-58. Disponible en: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/261
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