Poxvirus que causan enfermedad en los seres humanos
Palabras clave:
Poxvirus, infección humana, pielResumen
Los poxvirus se dividen en dos subfamilias: la Cordopoxvirinae con ocho géneros que infectan tanto a mamíferos como a aves, y la Entomopoxvirinae con tres géneros que sólo afectan a los insectos. Los poxvirus que infectan a los humanos se distribuyen en cuatro géneros pertenecientes a la familia Cordopoxvirinae, entre los que se incluyen los Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus y Yatapoxvirus. De forma interesante, todos los anteriores géneros producen lesiones cutáneas con especiales características.
En este artículo se revisan la microbiología, la patogénesis, la inmunidad, la epidemiología, las manifestaciones clínicas e histopatológicas de estos virus, y su tratamiento.
Biografía del autor/a
Gloria Sanclemente
Grupo de Investigación Dermatológica, GRID, Sección de Dermatología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
Unidad de Fotodermatología, Sección de Dermatología, IPS Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
Sección de Dermatología, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
Referencias bibliográficas
1. Moss B. Genetically engineered poxviruses for recombinant gene expression, vaccination, and safety. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93:11341-8.
2. Moss B, Carroll MW, Wyatt LS, Bennink JR, Hirsch VM, Goldstein S, et al. Host range restricted, non-replicating vaccinia virus vectors as vaccine candidates. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1996;397:7-13.
3. Sanclemente G. Poxvirus. En: Vesga O, Vélez LA, Leiderman E, Restrepo A, editores. Enfermedades Infecciosas. Medellín: Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas; (a publicarse en 2011).
4. Smith CA, Smith TD, Smolak PJ, Friend D, Hagen H, Gerhart M, et al. Poxvirus genomes encode a secreted, soluble protein that preferentially inhibits beta chemokine activity yet lacks sequence homology to known chemokine receptors. Virology. 1997;236:316-27.
5. Smith GL, Symons JA, Khanna A, Vanderplasschen A, Alcami A. Vaccinia virus immune evasion. Immunol Rev. 1997;159:137-54.
6. Roberts JA. Histopathogenesis of mousepox. II. Cutaneous infection. Br J Exp Pathol. 1962;43:462-8.
7. Hahon N, Wilson BJ. Pathogenesis of variola in Macaca irus monkeys. Am J Hyg. 1960;71:69-80.
8. Roberts J.A. Histopathogenesis of mousepox. I. Respiratory infection. Br J Exp Pathol. 1962;43:451-61.
9. Westwood JC, Boulter EA, Bowen ET, Maber HB. Experimental respiratory infection with poxviruses. I. Clinical virological and epidemiological studies. Br J Exp Pathol. 1966;47:453-65.
10. Stanford MM, McFadden G, Karupiah G, Chaudhri G. Immunopathogenesis of poxvirus infections: forecasting the impending storm. Immunol Cell Biol. 2007;85:93-102.
11. Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D et al. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:1250-6.
12. Rahman MM, Jeng D, Singh R, Coughlin J, Essani K, McFadden G. Interaction of human TNF and beta2-microglobulin with Tanapox virus-encoded TNF inhibitor, TPV-2L. Virology. 2009;386:462-68.
13. Meyer-Hoffert U, Schwarz T, Schroder JM, Glaser R. Increased expression of human beta-defensin 3 in mollusca contagiosum. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2010; 35: 190-2.
14. Fenner F. The global eradication of smallpox. Med J Aust. 1980;1:455.
15. Downie AW, Meiklejohn G, St VL, Rao AR, Sundara Babu BV, Kempe CH. Smallpox frequency and severity in relation to A, B and O blood groups. Bull World Health Organ. 1965;33:623-5.
16. Deria A, Jezek Z, Markvart K, Carrasco P, Weisfeld J. The world's last endemic case of smallpox: surveillance and containment measures. Bull World Health Organ. 1980;58:279-83.
17. Breman JG, Henderson DA. Poxvirus dilemmas--monkeypox, smallpox, and biologic terrorism. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:556-9.
18. Diven DG. Poxviruses. In: Tyring S, editor. Mucocutaneous manifestations of viral diseases. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2002. p. 39-68.
19. Grayson W, Calonje E, Mckee PH. Infectious diseases of the skin. In: Mckee PH, Calonje E, Granter SR, editors. Pathology of the skin: with clinical correlations. Third edition. London: Mosby Elsevier Health Science; 2005. p. 860-7.
20. Pinkus H, Mehregan A. Inflammatory virus diseases. In: Mehregan A, editor. A guide to dermatopathology. Third edition. New York: Appleton Century Crofts; 1981, p. 146-7.
21. Weedon D. Viral diseases. Weedon skin pathology. Third edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2002. p. 608-13.
22. Xiaowei X, Erickson L, Lianjun C, Elder DE. Diseases caused by viruses. In: Elder DE, Elenitsas R, Johnson BL Jr., Murphy GF, Xu X, editors. Histopathology of the skin. Tenth edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009. p. 646-65.
23. Sarkar JK, Mitra AC, Mukherjee MK, De SK, Mazumdar DG. Virus excretion in smallpox. 1. Excretion in the throat, urine, and conjunctiva of patients. Bull World Health Organ. 1973;48:517-22.
24. Meyer H, Damon IK, Esposito JJ. Orthopoxvirus diagnostics. Methods Mol Biol. 2004;269:119-34.
25. Parker S, Handley L, Buller RM. Therapeutic and prophylactic drugs to treat orthopoxvirus infections. Future Virol. 2008;3:595-612.
26. Medaglia ML, Pessoa LC, Sales ER, Freitas TR, Damaso CR. Spread of cantagalo virus to northern Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:1142-3.
27. Silva-Fernandes AT, Travassos CE, Ferreira JM, Abrahao JS, Rocha ES, Viana-Ferreira F, et al. Natural human infections with Vaccinia virus during bovine vaccinia outbreaks. J Clin Virol. 2009;44:308-13.
28. Diven DG. An overview of poxviruses. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:1-16.
29. Likos AM, Sammons SA, Olson VA, Frace AM, Li Y, OlsenRasmussen M, et al. A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses. J Gen Virol. 2005;86:2661-72.
30. Parker S, Nuara A, Buller RM, Schultz DA. Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonotic disease. Future Microbiol. 2007;2:17-34.
31. Reynolds MG, Davidson WB, Curns AT, Conover CS, Huhn G, Davis JP, et al. Spectrum of infection and risk factors for human monkeypox, United States, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1332-9.
32. Zaucha GM, Jahrling PB, Geisbert TW, Swearengen JR, Hensley L. The pathology of experimental aerosolized monkeypox virus infection in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Lab Invest. 2001;81:1581-600.
33. Damon IK. Poxviruses. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, editors. Fields Virology. .Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007. 2947–75.
34. Baxby D, Bennett M, Getty B. Human cowpox 1969-93: a review based on 54 cases. Br J Dermatol. 1994;131:598-607.
35. Vorou RM, Papavassiliou VG, Pierroutsakos IN. Cowpox virus infection: an emerging health threat. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008;21:153-6.
36. Ninove L, Domart Y, Vervel C, Voinot C, Salez N, Raoult D, et al. Cowpox virus transmission from pet rats to humans, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:781-4.
37. Nitsche A, Pauli G. Sporadic human cases of cowpox in Germany. Euro Surveill. 2007;12:E070419.
38. Baxby D, Bennett M. Poxvirus zoonoses. J Med Microbiol. 1997;46:17-33.
39. Beldomenico PM, Telfer S, Lukomski L, Gebert S, Bennett M, Begon M. Host condition and individual risk of cowpox virus infection in natural animal populations: cause or effect? Epidemiol Infect. 2009;137:1295-301.
40. Orf virus infection in humans--New York, Illinois, California, and Tennessee, 2004-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55:65-8.
41. Geerinck K, Lukito G, Snoeck R, De VR, De CE, Vanrenterghem Y, et al. A case of human orf in an immunocompromised patient treated successfully with cidofovir cream. J Med Virol. 2001;64:543-9.
42. Baxby D. Poxviruses. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2000. 451-465.
43. Johannessen JV, Krogh HK, Solberg I, Dalen A, van WH, Johansen B. Human orf. J Cutan Pathol. 1975;2:265-83.
44. Mendez B, Burnett JW. Orf. Cutis. 1989;44:286-7.
45. Davis CM, Musil G. Milker's nodule. A clinical and electron microscopic report. Arch Dermatol. 1970;101:305-11.
46. Groves RW, Wilson-Jones E, MacDonald DM. Human orf and milkers' nodule: a clinicopathologic study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;25:706-11.
47. Tyring SK. Molluscum contagiosum: the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:S12-6.
48. Bachmeyer C, Moguelet P, Baud F, Lescure FX. Efflorescence of facial molluscum contagiosum as a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a patient with AIDS. Eur J Dermatol. 2009;19:257-8.
49. Billstein SA, Mattaliano VJ Jr. The "nuisance" sexually transmitted diseases: molluscum contagiosum, scabies, and crab lice. Med Clin North Am. 1990;74:1487-505.
50. Bugert JJ, Darai G. Recent advances in molluscum contagiosum virus research. Arch Virol. 1997;13(Suppl.):35-47.
51. Rodríguez G. Microscopía electrónica de la infección viral. Bogotá: Instituto Nacional de Salud; 1983. p. 91-105.
52. Thompson CH. Identification and typing of molluscum contagiosum virus in clinical specimens by polymerase chain reaction. J Med Virol. 1997;53:205-11.
53. Maronn M, Salm C, Lyon V, Galbraith S. One-year experience with Candida antigen immunotherapy for warts and molluscum. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008;25:189-92.
54. an der Wouden JC, van der SR, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, Berger M, Butler C, Koning S. Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;CD004767.
55. Sen S, Bhaumik P. Resolution of giant molluscum contagiosum with antiretroviral therapy. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008;74:267-8.
56. Briand S, Milpied B, Navas D, Thomare P, Stalder JF. 1% topical cidofovir used as last alternative to treat viral infections. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;22:249-50.
57. Gardner LS, Ormond PJ. Treatment of multiple giant molluscum contagiosum in a renal transplant patient with imiquimod 5% cream. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2006;31:452-3.
58. Downie AW, Espana C. A comparative study of Tanapox and Yaba viruses. J Gen Virol. 1973;19:37-49.
59. Dhar AD, Werchniak AE, Li Y, Brennick JB, Goldsmith CS, Kline R, et al. Tanapox infection in a college student. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:361-6.
60. Zimmermann P, Thordsen I, Frangoulidis D, Meyer H. Realtime PCR assay for the detection of tanapox virus and yabalike disease virus. J Virol Methods. 2005;130:149-53.
2. Moss B, Carroll MW, Wyatt LS, Bennink JR, Hirsch VM, Goldstein S, et al. Host range restricted, non-replicating vaccinia virus vectors as vaccine candidates. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1996;397:7-13.
3. Sanclemente G. Poxvirus. En: Vesga O, Vélez LA, Leiderman E, Restrepo A, editores. Enfermedades Infecciosas. Medellín: Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas; (a publicarse en 2011).
4. Smith CA, Smith TD, Smolak PJ, Friend D, Hagen H, Gerhart M, et al. Poxvirus genomes encode a secreted, soluble protein that preferentially inhibits beta chemokine activity yet lacks sequence homology to known chemokine receptors. Virology. 1997;236:316-27.
5. Smith GL, Symons JA, Khanna A, Vanderplasschen A, Alcami A. Vaccinia virus immune evasion. Immunol Rev. 1997;159:137-54.
6. Roberts JA. Histopathogenesis of mousepox. II. Cutaneous infection. Br J Exp Pathol. 1962;43:462-8.
7. Hahon N, Wilson BJ. Pathogenesis of variola in Macaca irus monkeys. Am J Hyg. 1960;71:69-80.
8. Roberts J.A. Histopathogenesis of mousepox. I. Respiratory infection. Br J Exp Pathol. 1962;43:451-61.
9. Westwood JC, Boulter EA, Bowen ET, Maber HB. Experimental respiratory infection with poxviruses. I. Clinical virological and epidemiological studies. Br J Exp Pathol. 1966;47:453-65.
10. Stanford MM, McFadden G, Karupiah G, Chaudhri G. Immunopathogenesis of poxvirus infections: forecasting the impending storm. Immunol Cell Biol. 2007;85:93-102.
11. Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D et al. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:1250-6.
12. Rahman MM, Jeng D, Singh R, Coughlin J, Essani K, McFadden G. Interaction of human TNF and beta2-microglobulin with Tanapox virus-encoded TNF inhibitor, TPV-2L. Virology. 2009;386:462-68.
13. Meyer-Hoffert U, Schwarz T, Schroder JM, Glaser R. Increased expression of human beta-defensin 3 in mollusca contagiosum. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2010; 35: 190-2.
14. Fenner F. The global eradication of smallpox. Med J Aust. 1980;1:455.
15. Downie AW, Meiklejohn G, St VL, Rao AR, Sundara Babu BV, Kempe CH. Smallpox frequency and severity in relation to A, B and O blood groups. Bull World Health Organ. 1965;33:623-5.
16. Deria A, Jezek Z, Markvart K, Carrasco P, Weisfeld J. The world's last endemic case of smallpox: surveillance and containment measures. Bull World Health Organ. 1980;58:279-83.
17. Breman JG, Henderson DA. Poxvirus dilemmas--monkeypox, smallpox, and biologic terrorism. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:556-9.
18. Diven DG. Poxviruses. In: Tyring S, editor. Mucocutaneous manifestations of viral diseases. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2002. p. 39-68.
19. Grayson W, Calonje E, Mckee PH. Infectious diseases of the skin. In: Mckee PH, Calonje E, Granter SR, editors. Pathology of the skin: with clinical correlations. Third edition. London: Mosby Elsevier Health Science; 2005. p. 860-7.
20. Pinkus H, Mehregan A. Inflammatory virus diseases. In: Mehregan A, editor. A guide to dermatopathology. Third edition. New York: Appleton Century Crofts; 1981, p. 146-7.
21. Weedon D. Viral diseases. Weedon skin pathology. Third edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2002. p. 608-13.
22. Xiaowei X, Erickson L, Lianjun C, Elder DE. Diseases caused by viruses. In: Elder DE, Elenitsas R, Johnson BL Jr., Murphy GF, Xu X, editors. Histopathology of the skin. Tenth edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009. p. 646-65.
23. Sarkar JK, Mitra AC, Mukherjee MK, De SK, Mazumdar DG. Virus excretion in smallpox. 1. Excretion in the throat, urine, and conjunctiva of patients. Bull World Health Organ. 1973;48:517-22.
24. Meyer H, Damon IK, Esposito JJ. Orthopoxvirus diagnostics. Methods Mol Biol. 2004;269:119-34.
25. Parker S, Handley L, Buller RM. Therapeutic and prophylactic drugs to treat orthopoxvirus infections. Future Virol. 2008;3:595-612.
26. Medaglia ML, Pessoa LC, Sales ER, Freitas TR, Damaso CR. Spread of cantagalo virus to northern Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:1142-3.
27. Silva-Fernandes AT, Travassos CE, Ferreira JM, Abrahao JS, Rocha ES, Viana-Ferreira F, et al. Natural human infections with Vaccinia virus during bovine vaccinia outbreaks. J Clin Virol. 2009;44:308-13.
28. Diven DG. An overview of poxviruses. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:1-16.
29. Likos AM, Sammons SA, Olson VA, Frace AM, Li Y, OlsenRasmussen M, et al. A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses. J Gen Virol. 2005;86:2661-72.
30. Parker S, Nuara A, Buller RM, Schultz DA. Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonotic disease. Future Microbiol. 2007;2:17-34.
31. Reynolds MG, Davidson WB, Curns AT, Conover CS, Huhn G, Davis JP, et al. Spectrum of infection and risk factors for human monkeypox, United States, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1332-9.
32. Zaucha GM, Jahrling PB, Geisbert TW, Swearengen JR, Hensley L. The pathology of experimental aerosolized monkeypox virus infection in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Lab Invest. 2001;81:1581-600.
33. Damon IK. Poxviruses. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, editors. Fields Virology. .Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007. 2947–75.
34. Baxby D, Bennett M, Getty B. Human cowpox 1969-93: a review based on 54 cases. Br J Dermatol. 1994;131:598-607.
35. Vorou RM, Papavassiliou VG, Pierroutsakos IN. Cowpox virus infection: an emerging health threat. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008;21:153-6.
36. Ninove L, Domart Y, Vervel C, Voinot C, Salez N, Raoult D, et al. Cowpox virus transmission from pet rats to humans, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:781-4.
37. Nitsche A, Pauli G. Sporadic human cases of cowpox in Germany. Euro Surveill. 2007;12:E070419.
38. Baxby D, Bennett M. Poxvirus zoonoses. J Med Microbiol. 1997;46:17-33.
39. Beldomenico PM, Telfer S, Lukomski L, Gebert S, Bennett M, Begon M. Host condition and individual risk of cowpox virus infection in natural animal populations: cause or effect? Epidemiol Infect. 2009;137:1295-301.
40. Orf virus infection in humans--New York, Illinois, California, and Tennessee, 2004-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55:65-8.
41. Geerinck K, Lukito G, Snoeck R, De VR, De CE, Vanrenterghem Y, et al. A case of human orf in an immunocompromised patient treated successfully with cidofovir cream. J Med Virol. 2001;64:543-9.
42. Baxby D. Poxviruses. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2000. 451-465.
43. Johannessen JV, Krogh HK, Solberg I, Dalen A, van WH, Johansen B. Human orf. J Cutan Pathol. 1975;2:265-83.
44. Mendez B, Burnett JW. Orf. Cutis. 1989;44:286-7.
45. Davis CM, Musil G. Milker's nodule. A clinical and electron microscopic report. Arch Dermatol. 1970;101:305-11.
46. Groves RW, Wilson-Jones E, MacDonald DM. Human orf and milkers' nodule: a clinicopathologic study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;25:706-11.
47. Tyring SK. Molluscum contagiosum: the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:S12-6.
48. Bachmeyer C, Moguelet P, Baud F, Lescure FX. Efflorescence of facial molluscum contagiosum as a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a patient with AIDS. Eur J Dermatol. 2009;19:257-8.
49. Billstein SA, Mattaliano VJ Jr. The "nuisance" sexually transmitted diseases: molluscum contagiosum, scabies, and crab lice. Med Clin North Am. 1990;74:1487-505.
50. Bugert JJ, Darai G. Recent advances in molluscum contagiosum virus research. Arch Virol. 1997;13(Suppl.):35-47.
51. Rodríguez G. Microscopía electrónica de la infección viral. Bogotá: Instituto Nacional de Salud; 1983. p. 91-105.
52. Thompson CH. Identification and typing of molluscum contagiosum virus in clinical specimens by polymerase chain reaction. J Med Virol. 1997;53:205-11.
53. Maronn M, Salm C, Lyon V, Galbraith S. One-year experience with Candida antigen immunotherapy for warts and molluscum. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008;25:189-92.
54. an der Wouden JC, van der SR, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, Berger M, Butler C, Koning S. Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;CD004767.
55. Sen S, Bhaumik P. Resolution of giant molluscum contagiosum with antiretroviral therapy. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008;74:267-8.
56. Briand S, Milpied B, Navas D, Thomare P, Stalder JF. 1% topical cidofovir used as last alternative to treat viral infections. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;22:249-50.
57. Gardner LS, Ormond PJ. Treatment of multiple giant molluscum contagiosum in a renal transplant patient with imiquimod 5% cream. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2006;31:452-3.
58. Downie AW, Espana C. A comparative study of Tanapox and Yaba viruses. J Gen Virol. 1973;19:37-49.
59. Dhar AD, Werchniak AE, Li Y, Brennick JB, Goldsmith CS, Kline R, et al. Tanapox infection in a college student. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:361-6.
60. Zimmermann P, Thordsen I, Frangoulidis D, Meyer H. Realtime PCR assay for the detection of tanapox virus and yabalike disease virus. J Virol Methods. 2005;130:149-53.
Cómo citar
1.
Sanclemente G. Poxvirus que causan enfermedad en los seres humanos. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 15 de febrero de 2019 [citado 25 de abril de 2024];18(2):67-7. Disponible en: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/195
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Cómo citar
1.
Sanclemente G. Poxvirus que causan enfermedad en los seres humanos. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 15 de febrero de 2019 [citado 25 de abril de 2024];18(2):67-7. Disponible en: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/195
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