Carcinogénesis
Palabras clave:
carcinogénesis, ciclo celular,, inmunovigilanciaResumen
El fenómeno de la carcinogénesis debe ser entendido como un proceso de adaptación celular frente a diferentesagresores físicos, químicos o biológicos, que termina en una disregulación de los procesos de división y diferenciación celular.
El desarrollo final del proceso neoplásico no solamente está determinado por los factores agresores, sino también por la funcionalidad o no de los mecanismos de defensa y de procesamiento instaurados por el huésped.
La comprensión de la intimidad del proceso de formación tumoral implica la revisión del funcionamiento del ciclo celular normal y de sus reguladores, los puntos críticos vulnerados por las diferentes noxas y la interrelación célula tumoral-sistema inmune, aspectos que serán detallados durante la presente revisión.
Biografía del autor/a
Adriana García Herrera, Centro Dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta
Residente II Dermatología, Centro Dermatológico "Federico Lleras Acosta", E.S.E.,
Referencias bibliográficas
1. Bickers D and Lowy D. Carcinogenesis: A Fit1y-Year Historical Perspective. J lnvest Dermatol 1989; 92: 121 s -IJ Is.
https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.1989.39
2. Slaga T. Budunova l. Jimenez-Conti l. et al. The mouse skin carcinogencsis model. J lnvest Dermatol 1996; 1: 151-156.
3. Yuspa S. DlugoszA. Denning Met al. Multistage carcinogenesis in the skin. J lnvest Dennatol 1996; 1: 147-150.
4. Farber E. Is carcinogenesis fundarnentally adversarial-confrontational or physiologicadaptmive?. J lnvcst Dermatol 1993; 100: 25 ls-253s.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12470078
5. Quinn A, J-lealy E, Rehman 1, et al. Microsatcllite instability in human no1Hnelanonrn and melanoma skin cancer. J lnvest Dennatol 1995; 104: 309-312.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12664612
6. Bcrton T. Mitchell O. Fisher S. et al. Epidermal prolifera1ion but not the quantily of DNA photodamage is correlatcd with UV-induced mousc skin carcinogenesis. J lnvest Demiatol 1997; 109: 340-347.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12335984
7. Lowe N. Meyers D. Wieder J, et al. Low doses ofrepetitive ultraviolet A induce morphologic chnnges in human skin. J lnvest Dermatol 1995: 105:739- 743.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12325517
8. Robert C. Muel B, Bcnoit A, et al. Ccll survival and shuttle vector mutagenesis induced by ult'raviolet A and ultrnviolct B radiation in a human cell line. J lnves1 Dermatol · 1996; 106: 721-728.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12345616
9. Hauori Y, Nishigori Ch, Tanaka T. et al. 8-hiclroxy-2 deoxiguanosine is incrcsased in epidermal cells ofhairless mice aner chronic ultraviolet B exposure. lnvest Dermatol 1997: 107: 733-737.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12365625
10. Nakawa A, Kobayashi N. Muramatsu T. et al. Three dimensional visualization of ultravioh-induced DNA damage and its repair in human cell nuclei. J lnvest Dennatol 1998; 110:143-148.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00100.x
11. Nishigori Ch. Yarosh D. Danawho Ch, et al. The immune system ultrnviolet carcinogenesis. J lnvest Dermatol 1996: 1: 143 -146.
12. Yoshikawa T. Rae V. Streilein J. Et al. Susceptibility to dTects ofUVB r.adiation on induction of contact hypersensitivi1y as a risk factor for skin cancer in humans. J lnvest Dermatol 1990: 95: 530-536.
13. Kraemer K, Levy D. Parris C, et al. Xeroderma pigmentosum and related disorders: examining the link:1ge between defec1ive DNA repair and cancer. J lnves1 11ermato1 1994; 103: 96-101.
https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.1994.17
14. Moriwaki S. Lehmann A. Hoeijmakers J. et al. D A repair and uhraviolet mutagenesis in cells frorn a new patient with xeroderma pigmentosum group G and Cockayne syndrome rcscmble xeroderma pigmemosum cell. J lnvest Dermatol 1996; 107: 647-653.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12584287
15. Kraerncr K, Lee M. Andrews A. et al. The role ofsulight ancl DNA repair in melanoma and nonrnelanoma skin cancer. Arch Dermatol 1994: 130: 1O18-1021.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1994.01690080084012
16. Gregg K. Mansbridge J. Epiderrm1I characteristics related to skin cancer susceptibility. J lnvest Dermatol 1982; 79: 178-182.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12500051
17. Fitzpatrick T. Dcrmatology in Genera! Medicine. Freedberg. Eisen. Wolff. et al (eds.). McGraw Hill. 1999: capitulas 38-40.
18. Sclafani R and Schauer l. Cell cyclc control and cancer: lessons from lung cancer. J lnvest Dermatol 1996: 1:123-127.
19. Smith H, Barren T, Smith \V et al. A revicw oftumor supprcssor genes in cutaneous neoplasms with emphasis on cell cyclc regulators. Am J Dermatopathol 1998; 20: 302-313.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00000372-199806000-00015
20. Eckert R, Crish J, Banks E, et al. The epidennis: genes on-genes off. J lnves1 Dermatol 1997: 109: 501-509.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12336477
21. Joncs S. Dicker A. Dahler A, et al. E2F as a reulator ofkcratinocyte proliferation: implications f'or skin tumor development. J lnvcst Dcrmatol 1997: 109: 187 -193.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12319308
22. Basset N. Moles J, Mils V. et al. TP53 tumor suppressor gene and skin carcinogenesis. J lnvest Dermatol 1994; 103:102s-106s.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12399372
23. Brash O, Zicgler A. Jonason A, et al. Sunlight and sunbum in human skin cancer: p53. apoptosis and tumor promotion. J lnvest Dermatol 1996; 1: 136-142
24. Harris C. P53: at 1he crossroads ofmolecular carinogencsis and molecular epidemiology. J hwcst Dcrmatol 1996: 1:115 .¡ 18.
25. Raskin C. Apoptosis and cutancous biology. J Am Acad OermalOI 1997: 36: 8 5-896.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(97)80266-6
26. 1-iaake A. Polakowska R. Cell death by apop1osis in epidermal biology. J lnvcst Dennatol 1993; 101:107-112.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12363594
27. Paten F. Beme B. Ren Z, et al. Ultraviolet light induces cxpression ofp53 and p21 in human skin: eíTect ofsunscreen and constitutive p2I cxpression in skin appendages. J lnvest Dermatol 1995; 105: 402-406.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12321071
28. Benmrd 1-1 and Apl D. Transcriplional control and cell lype speciticity ofHPV gene expression. Arch Ocnnatol 1994: 130: 210-215.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.130.2.210
29. Boni R, Man D. Voetmcycr A. et al. Choromosomal allele loss in primal)' cutancous mclanoma is heterogeneous and correlates wilh prolifcration. J lnvesl Dcmia1ol 1998; 110:215-217.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00109.x
30. J-lille E. Dujin E, Gruis N, et al. Excess cancer rnortality in six clutch pedigrees with the familiar! atypical muhiple rnole-melcnoma syndrorne f'rom 1830 to 1994. J lnvest Dermatol 1998; 110:788-792.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00185.x
31. Zhu H. Reuhl K. Botha X. et ;:1\. Development ofbcrcditable malanoma in transgcnic mice. J lnvest Derma1ol 1998: 11 O: 247-2S2.
32. Rees J. Genetic aherations in non-mclanoma skin c.:inccr. J lnvest Oermatol 1994: 103: 747-750.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12412256
33. Rusell M and Hocnler J. Signal trnsduction and the regulation ofcell growth. J lnvcst Ocrmatol 1996: 1: 119-122.
34. Yuspa S. Dlugosz A. Cheng C. et al. Role of oncogcncs and tumor supprcsor genes in multistage carcinogenesis. J lnvest Oermatol 1994; 103:90s-95s.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12399255
35. Chin L. Liegeois N. DePinho R. et al. Functional interactions among members oftht· Myc supcrfomily and potential relevance to cuwncous growth all(I devclopment. J lnvcst DennalOI 1996; 1:128-135.
36. Ahmcd N, Ueda M and lchiahashi M. lncrescd leve! ore erbB-2/neu/HER-2 protein in cutancous squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 1997: 136: 908-912.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1997.tb03932.x
37. DaudCn E. Fernández P, Fcmrlnclez J. lntegrinas. Su impo11ancin en dermatologia (11). Participación en los mecanismos íisiológicos y pmológicos y uso terapeutico. Piel 1997: 10: 506-521.
38. l-lansen E. lmrnunoregulatory events in the skin ofpatients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Arch Drmatol 1996: IJ2: 554-561.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.132.5.554
39. Oahl M. Clinical lmmunodermatology. St Louis: Mosby. 1996: capítulo 28.
40. Rcgeiro. Inmunología Básica. Madrid: Editorial Panamericana, 1995.
41. Streinlein J, Taylor J. Vincek V. et al. Relationship between uhraviolet radiationinduced immunosuppression and carcinogcnesis. J lnvcst Dermatol 1994; 103: 107s - 111s.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12399400
42. Kaur P. Paton S. Wrin .J. el al. ldenlilication ofa cell surface protein with a role in stimulating human keratinocyte proliferation. cxpressecl during development ami carcinogcncsis.J lnvest Dermatol 1997: 109:194-199.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12319332
43. Vonderheid E. Ekbme S. Kerrigan K. et al. The pronostic signiticance of dclaycd hypersensitivity to kinitrochlorobcnzene and mechlorethamine hydrochloridc in cutancous T cell lymphoma. J Invest Oermatol 1998: 110: 946-950.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00206.x
44. Cruz P. Ultraviolet 8 (UVB)-induced immunosuppression: biologic. cellular. and molecular effects. Advances in Dcrmatology 1994; 9:79-95.
45. Cho K. Kim C, Lee D. An Epstcin-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative lcsion of thc slin prcsenting as recurrent necrotic paulovesicles ofthe foce. Br J Denmltol 1995: 134:791-796.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.99812.x
46. 1-leald P. Yan S, Edelson R, et al. Skin seleclivc lymphocy1e homing mechanisms in the pathogenesis of leukemic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J lnvest Dennmol 1993; 101: 222-226.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12364814
https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.1989.39
2. Slaga T. Budunova l. Jimenez-Conti l. et al. The mouse skin carcinogencsis model. J lnvest Dermatol 1996; 1: 151-156.
3. Yuspa S. DlugoszA. Denning Met al. Multistage carcinogenesis in the skin. J lnvest Dennatol 1996; 1: 147-150.
4. Farber E. Is carcinogenesis fundarnentally adversarial-confrontational or physiologicadaptmive?. J lnvcst Dermatol 1993; 100: 25 ls-253s.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12470078
5. Quinn A, J-lealy E, Rehman 1, et al. Microsatcllite instability in human no1Hnelanonrn and melanoma skin cancer. J lnvest Dennatol 1995; 104: 309-312.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12664612
6. Bcrton T. Mitchell O. Fisher S. et al. Epidermal prolifera1ion but not the quantily of DNA photodamage is correlatcd with UV-induced mousc skin carcinogenesis. J lnvest Demiatol 1997; 109: 340-347.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12335984
7. Lowe N. Meyers D. Wieder J, et al. Low doses ofrepetitive ultraviolet A induce morphologic chnnges in human skin. J lnvest Dermatol 1995: 105:739- 743.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12325517
8. Robert C. Muel B, Bcnoit A, et al. Ccll survival and shuttle vector mutagenesis induced by ult'raviolet A and ultrnviolct B radiation in a human cell line. J lnves1 Dermatol · 1996; 106: 721-728.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12345616
9. Hauori Y, Nishigori Ch, Tanaka T. et al. 8-hiclroxy-2 deoxiguanosine is incrcsased in epidermal cells ofhairless mice aner chronic ultraviolet B exposure. lnvest Dermatol 1997: 107: 733-737.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12365625
10. Nakawa A, Kobayashi N. Muramatsu T. et al. Three dimensional visualization of ultravioh-induced DNA damage and its repair in human cell nuclei. J lnvest Dennatol 1998; 110:143-148.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00100.x
11. Nishigori Ch. Yarosh D. Danawho Ch, et al. The immune system ultrnviolet carcinogenesis. J lnvest Dermatol 1996: 1: 143 -146.
12. Yoshikawa T. Rae V. Streilein J. Et al. Susceptibility to dTects ofUVB r.adiation on induction of contact hypersensitivi1y as a risk factor for skin cancer in humans. J lnvest Dermatol 1990: 95: 530-536.
13. Kraemer K, Levy D. Parris C, et al. Xeroderma pigmentosum and related disorders: examining the link:1ge between defec1ive DNA repair and cancer. J lnves1 11ermato1 1994; 103: 96-101.
https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.1994.17
14. Moriwaki S. Lehmann A. Hoeijmakers J. et al. D A repair and uhraviolet mutagenesis in cells frorn a new patient with xeroderma pigmentosum group G and Cockayne syndrome rcscmble xeroderma pigmemosum cell. J lnvest Dermatol 1996; 107: 647-653.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12584287
15. Kraerncr K, Lee M. Andrews A. et al. The role ofsulight ancl DNA repair in melanoma and nonrnelanoma skin cancer. Arch Dermatol 1994: 130: 1O18-1021.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1994.01690080084012
16. Gregg K. Mansbridge J. Epiderrm1I characteristics related to skin cancer susceptibility. J lnvest Dermatol 1982; 79: 178-182.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12500051
17. Fitzpatrick T. Dcrmatology in Genera! Medicine. Freedberg. Eisen. Wolff. et al (eds.). McGraw Hill. 1999: capitulas 38-40.
18. Sclafani R and Schauer l. Cell cyclc control and cancer: lessons from lung cancer. J lnvest Dermatol 1996: 1:123-127.
19. Smith H, Barren T, Smith \V et al. A revicw oftumor supprcssor genes in cutaneous neoplasms with emphasis on cell cyclc regulators. Am J Dermatopathol 1998; 20: 302-313.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00000372-199806000-00015
20. Eckert R, Crish J, Banks E, et al. The epidennis: genes on-genes off. J lnves1 Dermatol 1997: 109: 501-509.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12336477
21. Joncs S. Dicker A. Dahler A, et al. E2F as a reulator ofkcratinocyte proliferation: implications f'or skin tumor development. J lnvcst Dcrmatol 1997: 109: 187 -193.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12319308
22. Basset N. Moles J, Mils V. et al. TP53 tumor suppressor gene and skin carcinogenesis. J lnvest Dermatol 1994; 103:102s-106s.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12399372
23. Brash O, Zicgler A. Jonason A, et al. Sunlight and sunbum in human skin cancer: p53. apoptosis and tumor promotion. J lnvest Dermatol 1996; 1: 136-142
24. Harris C. P53: at 1he crossroads ofmolecular carinogencsis and molecular epidemiology. J hwcst Dcrmatol 1996: 1:115 .¡ 18.
25. Raskin C. Apoptosis and cutancous biology. J Am Acad OermalOI 1997: 36: 8 5-896.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(97)80266-6
26. 1-iaake A. Polakowska R. Cell death by apop1osis in epidermal biology. J lnvcst Dennatol 1993; 101:107-112.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12363594
27. Paten F. Beme B. Ren Z, et al. Ultraviolet light induces cxpression ofp53 and p21 in human skin: eíTect ofsunscreen and constitutive p2I cxpression in skin appendages. J lnvest Dermatol 1995; 105: 402-406.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12321071
28. Benmrd 1-1 and Apl D. Transcriplional control and cell lype speciticity ofHPV gene expression. Arch Ocnnatol 1994: 130: 210-215.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.130.2.210
29. Boni R, Man D. Voetmcycr A. et al. Choromosomal allele loss in primal)' cutancous mclanoma is heterogeneous and correlates wilh prolifcration. J lnvesl Dcmia1ol 1998; 110:215-217.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00109.x
30. J-lille E. Dujin E, Gruis N, et al. Excess cancer rnortality in six clutch pedigrees with the familiar! atypical muhiple rnole-melcnoma syndrorne f'rom 1830 to 1994. J lnvest Dermatol 1998; 110:788-792.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00185.x
31. Zhu H. Reuhl K. Botha X. et ;:1\. Development ofbcrcditable malanoma in transgcnic mice. J lnvest Derma1ol 1998: 11 O: 247-2S2.
32. Rees J. Genetic aherations in non-mclanoma skin c.:inccr. J lnvest Oermatol 1994: 103: 747-750.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12412256
33. Rusell M and Hocnler J. Signal trnsduction and the regulation ofcell growth. J lnvcst Ocrmatol 1996: 1: 119-122.
34. Yuspa S. Dlugosz A. Cheng C. et al. Role of oncogcncs and tumor supprcsor genes in multistage carcinogenesis. J lnvest Oermatol 1994; 103:90s-95s.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12399255
35. Chin L. Liegeois N. DePinho R. et al. Functional interactions among members oftht· Myc supcrfomily and potential relevance to cuwncous growth all(I devclopment. J lnvcst DennalOI 1996; 1:128-135.
36. Ahmcd N, Ueda M and lchiahashi M. lncrescd leve! ore erbB-2/neu/HER-2 protein in cutancous squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 1997: 136: 908-912.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1997.tb03932.x
37. DaudCn E. Fernández P, Fcmrlnclez J. lntegrinas. Su impo11ancin en dermatologia (11). Participación en los mecanismos íisiológicos y pmológicos y uso terapeutico. Piel 1997: 10: 506-521.
38. l-lansen E. lmrnunoregulatory events in the skin ofpatients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Arch Drmatol 1996: IJ2: 554-561.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.132.5.554
39. Oahl M. Clinical lmmunodermatology. St Louis: Mosby. 1996: capítulo 28.
40. Rcgeiro. Inmunología Básica. Madrid: Editorial Panamericana, 1995.
41. Streinlein J, Taylor J. Vincek V. et al. Relationship between uhraviolet radiationinduced immunosuppression and carcinogcnesis. J lnvcst Dermatol 1994; 103: 107s - 111s.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12399400
42. Kaur P. Paton S. Wrin .J. el al. ldenlilication ofa cell surface protein with a role in stimulating human keratinocyte proliferation. cxpressecl during development ami carcinogcncsis.J lnvest Dermatol 1997: 109:194-199.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12319332
43. Vonderheid E. Ekbme S. Kerrigan K. et al. The pronostic signiticance of dclaycd hypersensitivity to kinitrochlorobcnzene and mechlorethamine hydrochloridc in cutancous T cell lymphoma. J Invest Oermatol 1998: 110: 946-950.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00206.x
44. Cruz P. Ultraviolet 8 (UVB)-induced immunosuppression: biologic. cellular. and molecular effects. Advances in Dcrmatology 1994; 9:79-95.
45. Cho K. Kim C, Lee D. An Epstcin-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative lcsion of thc slin prcsenting as recurrent necrotic paulovesicles ofthe foce. Br J Denmltol 1995: 134:791-796.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.99812.x
46. 1-leald P. Yan S, Edelson R, et al. Skin seleclivc lymphocy1e homing mechanisms in the pathogenesis of leukemic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J lnvest Dennmol 1993; 101: 222-226.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12364814
Cómo citar
1.
García Herrera A. Carcinogénesis. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 1 de junio de 1999 [citado 3 de julio de 2024];7(2):38-43. Disponible en: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/757
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1999-06-01
Cómo citar
1.
García Herrera A. Carcinogénesis. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 1 de junio de 1999 [citado 3 de julio de 2024];7(2):38-43. Disponible en: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/757
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