Angioedema: therapeutic and diagnosis approach
Keywords:
Angioedema, urticaria, hereditary angioedemaAbstract
Although was discovered more than 100 years ago, the origin, pathophysiology and management of the several types of angioedema are poorly understood by most family doctors. Angioedema can be caused by activation of kinin formation or mast cell degranulation. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema is caused by the inhibition of enzymatic degradation of bradykinin. A variety of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can cause angioedema, aspirin being the most common. Idiopathic acquired angioedema is frequently chronic and relapsing, and usually associated with urticaria. As its name implies it normally cannot be attributed to an identifiable cause.
Hereditary angioedema is a disorder characterized by repeated episodes of swelling of the skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal tract mucosae resulting from a disfunction or defect in the C1 esterase inhibitor. The disease is hereditary with inheritance autosomal dominant. Recently a third form of hereditary angioedema has been reported by several groups occurring exclusively in women with quantitatively and functionally normal C1 inhibitor activity with a relationship to estrogenic activity. Acquired angioedema has been described in patients with lymphoma who have depressed C1 inhibitor levels or autoantibody directed to that protein.
Author Biographies
Ricardo Cardona
Alergólogo Clínico, Magíster en Inmunología, Coordinador de la Especialidad en Alergología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia. Medellín_ Colombia.
Liliana Tamayo
Dermatóloga, Docente de Alergología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia. Medellín_ Colombia.
Mauricio Fernando Escobar
Residente de II año de la Especialidad en Alergología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia. Medellín_ Colombia
References
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2. Miyagawa S, Takahashi Y, Nagai A, Yamamoto Y, Nakagawa A, Hori K, et al. Angio-oedema in a neonate with IgG antibodies to parvovirus B19 following intrauterine parvovirus B19 infection. The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000;143:428-30.
3. Kidd JM, 3rd, Cohen SH, Sosman AJ, Fink JN. Fooddependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1983; 71:407-11.
4. Sánchez-Borges M, Capriles-Hulett A, Caballero-Fonseca F. NSAID-Induced Urticaria and Angioedema. A Reappraisal of its Clinical Management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002; 3:599-607.
5. Sanchez-Borges M, Capriles-Hulett A. Atopy is a risk factor for non-steroidal anti-infl ammatory drug sensitivity. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2000; 84:101-6.
6. Smith WL, Dewitt DL. Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases-1 and -2. Advances in immunology. 1996; 62:167-215.
7. Pennisi E. Building a better aspirin. Science (New York, NY. 1998 May 22; 280:1191-2.
8. Quaratino D, Romano A, Di Fonso M, Papa G, Perrone MR, D’Ambrosio FP, et al. Tolerability of meloxicam in patients with histories of adverse reactions to nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2000; 84:613-7.
9. Bavbek S, Celik G, Ediger D, Mungan D, Demirel YS, Misirligil Z. The use of nimesulide in patients with acetylsalicylic acid and nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drug intolerance. J Asthma. 1999; 36: 657-63.
10. Crouch T, Stafford C. Urticaria associated with COX-2 inhibitors. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000 ; 84:38.
11. May A, Weber A, Gall H, Kaufmann R, Zollner TM. Means of increasing sensitivity of an in vitro diagnostic test for aspirin intolerance. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999; 29:1402-11.
12. Sánchez Borges M, Capriles-Hulett A, Caballero-Fonseca F, Perez CR. Tolerability to new COX-2 inhibitors in NSAID-sensitive patients with cutaneous reactions. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001; 87:201-4.
13. Asero R. Leukotriene receptor antagonists may prevent NSAID-induced exacerbations in patients with chronic urticaria. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2000; 85:156-7.
14. Wanderer AA, Hoffman HM. The spectrum of acquired and familial cold-induced urticaria/urticaria-like syndromes. Immunology and allergy clinics of North America. 2004; 24:259-86, vii.
15. Dice JP. Physical urticaria. Immunology and allergy clinics of North America. 2004; 24: 225-46, vi.
16. Weidenbach H, Beckh KH, Lerch MM, Adler G. Precipitation of hereditary angioedema by infectious mononucleosis. Lancet. 1993; 342:934.
17. Rais M, Unzeitig J, Grant JA. Refractory exacerbations of hereditary angioedema with associated Helicobacter pylori infection. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999; 103: 713-4.
18. Farkas H, Fust G, Fekete B, Karadi I, Varga L. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori and improvement of hereditary angioneurotic oedema. Lancet. 2001; 358:1695-6.
19. Gleich GJ, Schroeter AL, Marcoux JP, Sachs MI, O’Connell EJ, Kohler PF. Episodic angioedema associated with eosinophilia. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1984; 310: 1621-6.
20. Tillie-Leblond I, Gosset P, Janin A, Salez F, Prin L, Tonnel AB. Increased interleukin-6 production during the acute phase of the syndrome of episodic angioedema and hypereosinophilia. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998; 28: 491-6.
21. Putterman C, Barak V, Caraco Y, Neuman T, Shalit M. Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia: a case associated with T cell activation and cytokine production. Annals of Allergy. 1993; 70: 243-8.
22. Butterfi eld JH, Leiferman KM, Abrams J, Silver JE, Bower J, Gonchoroff N; et al. Elevated serum levels of interleukin-5 in patients with the syndrome of episodic angioedema and eosinophilia. Blood. 1992; 79: 688-92.
23. Garcia-Abujeta JL, Martin-Gil D, Martin M, Lopez R, Suarez A, Rodriguez F., et al. Impaired type-1 activity and increased NK cells in Gleich’s syndrome. Allergy. 2001; 56: 1221-5.
24. Walsh GM, Sexton DW, Blaylock MG. Corticosteroids, eosinophils and bronchial epithelial cells: new insights into the resolution of infl ammation in asthma. The Journal of Endocrinology. 2003 Jul; 178: 37-43.
25. Sabroe RA, Seed PT, Francis DM, Barr RM, Black AK, Greaves MW. Chronic idiopathic urticaria: comparison of the clinical features of patients with and without anti-FcepsilonRI or anti-IgE autoantibodies. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999; 40:443-50.
26. Hide M, Francis DM, Grattan CE, Hakimi J, Kochan JP, Greaves MW. Autoantibodies against the high-affi nity IgE receptor as a cause of histamine release in chronic urticaria. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993; 328: 1599-604.
27. Fiebiger E, Maurer D, Holub H, Reininger B, Hartmann G, Woisetschlager M., et al. Serum IgG autoantibodies directed against the alpha chain of Fc epsilon RI: a selective marker and pathogenetic factor for a distinct subset of chronic urticaria patients? The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1995; 96: 2606-12.
28. Ferrer M, Kinet JP, Kaplan AP. Comparative studies of functional and binding assays for IgG antiFc(epsilon)RIalpha (alpha-subunit) in chronic urticaria. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998; 101: 672-6.
29. Rumbyrt JS, Schocket AL. Chronic urticaria and thyroid disease. Immunology and allergy clinics of North America. 2004; 24: 215-23, vi.
30. Claveau J, Lavoie A, Brunet C, Bedard PM, Hebert J. Comparison of histamine-releasing factor recovered from skin and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1996; 77: 475-9.
31. Confi no-Cohen R, Aharoni D, Goldberg A, Gurevitch I, Buchs A, Weiss M., et al. Evidence for aberrant regulation of the p21Ras pathway in PBMCs of patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002; 109: 349-56.
32. Sabroe RA, Grattan CE, Francis DM, Barr RM, Kobza Black A, Greaves MW. The autologous serum skin test: a screening test for autoantibodies in chronic idiopathic urticaria. The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999; 140:446-52.
33. Grattan CE, Walpole D, Francis DM, Niimi N, Dootson G, Edler S., et al. Flow cytometric analysis of basophil numbers in chronic urticaria: basopenia is related to serum histamine releasing activity. Clin Exp Allergy. 1997; 27: 1417-24.
34. Kaplan AP. Clinical practice. Chronic urticaria and angioedema. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002; 346: 175-9.
35. Grattan CE, O’Donnell BF, Francis DM, Niimi N, Barlow RJ, Seed PT., et al. Randomized double-blind study of cyclosporin in chronic ‘idiopathic’ urticaria. The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000; 143: 365-72.
36. Gach JE, Sabroe RA, Greaves MW, Black AK. Methotrexate-responsive chronic idiopathic urticaria: a report of two cases. The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001; 145: 340-3.
37. O’Donnell BF, Barr RM, Black AK, Francis DM, Kermani F, Niimi N, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune chronic urticaria. The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998; 138: 101-6.
38. Grattan CE, Francis DM, Slater NG, Barlow RJ, Greaves MW. Plasmapheresis for severe, unremitting, chronic urticaria. Lancet. 1992; 339: 1078-80.
39. Agostoni A, Cicardi M. Drug-induced angioedema without urticaria. Drug Saf. 2001; 24:599-606.
40. Reed LK, Meng J, Joshi GP. Tongue swelling in the recovery room: a case report and discussion of postoperative angioedema. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2006; 18:226-9.
41. Chiu AG, Newkirk KA, Davidson BJ, Burningham AR, Krowiak EJ, Deeb ZE. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema: a multicenter review and an algorithm for airway management. The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2001; 110: 834-40.
42. Vleeming W, Van Amsterdam JG, Stricker BH, de Wildt DJ. ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema. Incidence, prevention and management. Drug Saf. 1998; 18: 171-88.
43. Fuchs SA, Meyboom RH, Van Puijenbroek EP, Guchelaar HJ. Use of angiotensin receptor antagonists in patients with ACE inhibitor induced angioedema. Pharm World Sci. 2004; 26: 191-2.
44. Lo KS. Angioedema associated with candesartan. Pharmacotherapy. 2002; 22: 1176-9.
45. Warner KK, Visconti JA, Tschampel MM. Angiotensin II receptor blockers in patients with ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000; 34: 526-8.
46. Howes LG, Tran D. Can angiotensin receptor antagonists be used safely in patients with previous ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema? Drug Saf. 2002; 25:73-6.
47. Byrd JB, Adam A, Brown NJ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema. Immunology and allergy clinics of North America. 2006; 26: 725-37.
48. Sadeghi N, Panje WR. Life-threatening perioperative angioedema related to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. The Journal of otolaryngology. 1999; 28:354-6.
49. Byrne TJ, Douglas DD, Landis ME, Heppell JP. Isolated visceral angioedema: an underdiagnosed complication of ACE inhibitors? Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2000; 75:1201-4.
50. Dean DE, Schultz DL, Powers RH. Asphyxia due to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor mediated angioedema of the tongue during the treatment of hypertensive heart disease. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2001; 46:1239-43.
51. Pavletic A. Late angioedema caused by ACE inhibitors underestimated. American Family Physician. 2002; 66:956, 8.
52. Davis AE, 3rd. Mechanism of angioedema in fi rst complement component inhibitor defi ciency. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 2006; 26:633-51.
53. Davis AE, 3rd. The pathophysiology of hereditary angioedema. Clinical Immunology. 2005; 114:3-9.
54. Varga A, Arellano G, Tamayo L, Cardona R. Edema Angioneurótico Hereditario (caso clínico). Revista de Inmunoalergia de la Asociación Colombiana de Alergia, Asma e Inmunología. 2002; 11: 112-5.
55. Bork K, Meng G, Staubach P, Hardt J. Hereditary angioedema: new fi ndings concerning symptoms, affected organs, and course. The American Journal of Medicine. 2006; 119: 267-74.
56. Frank MM. Hereditary angioedema: a half century of progress. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004; 114: 626-8.
57. Binkley KE, Davis A, 3rd. Clinical, biochemical, and genetic characterization of a novel estrogen-dependent inherited form of angioedema. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000; 106: 546-50.
58. Bork K, Barnstedt SE, Koch P, Traupe H. Hereditary angioedema with normal C1-inhibitor activity in women. Lancet. 2000; 356: 213-7.
59. Frank MM. Hereditary angioedema. Current opinion in pediatrics. 2005; 17: 686-9.
60. Baxi S, Dinakar C. Urticaria and angioedema. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 2005; 25:353-67, vii.
61. Bork K, Fischer B, Dewald G. Recurrent episodes of skin angioedema and severe attacks of abdominal pain induced by oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy. The American Journal of Medicine. 2003; 114:294-8.
62. Nogawa N, Sumino H, Ichikawa S, Kumakura H, Takayama Y, Nakamura T., et al. Effect of long-term hormone replacement therapy on angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and bradykinin in postmenopausal women with essential hypertension and normotensive postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2001; 8: 210-5.
63. Proudler AJ, Ahmed AI, Crook D, Fogelman I, Rymer JM, Stevenson JC. Hormone replacement therapy and serum angiotensin-converting-enzyme activity in postmenopausal women. Lancet. 1995; 346: 89-90.
64. Bowen T, Cicardi M, Farkas H, Bork K, Kreuz W, Zingale L., et al. Canadian 2003 International Consensus Algorithm For the Diagnosis, Therapy, and Management of Hereditary Angioedema. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004; 114: 629-37.
65. Frank MM. Hereditary angioedema: the clinical syndrome and its management in the United States. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 2006; 26:653-68.
66. Zuraw BL. Novel therapies for hereditary angioedema. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 2006; 26: 691-708.
67. Frigas E, Park M. Idiopathic recurrent angioedema. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 2006; 26: 739-51.
68. Pappalardo E, Zingale LC, Cicardi M. Increased expression of C1-inhibitor mRNA in patients with hereditary angioedema treated with Danazol. Immunology letters. 2003; 86: 271-6.
69. Alsenz J, Lambris JD, Bork K, Loos M. Acquired C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) defi ciency type II. Replacement therapy with C1-INH and analysis of patients’ C1-INH and anti-C1-INH autoantibodies. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1989; 83: 1794-9.
70. Cicardi M, Zingale LC, Pappalardo E, Folcioni A, Agostoni A. Autoantibodies and lymphoproliferative diseases in acquired C1-inhibitor defi ciencies. Medicine. 2003; 82: 274-81.
2. Miyagawa S, Takahashi Y, Nagai A, Yamamoto Y, Nakagawa A, Hori K, et al. Angio-oedema in a neonate with IgG antibodies to parvovirus B19 following intrauterine parvovirus B19 infection. The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000;143:428-30.
3. Kidd JM, 3rd, Cohen SH, Sosman AJ, Fink JN. Fooddependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1983; 71:407-11.
4. Sánchez-Borges M, Capriles-Hulett A, Caballero-Fonseca F. NSAID-Induced Urticaria and Angioedema. A Reappraisal of its Clinical Management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002; 3:599-607.
5. Sanchez-Borges M, Capriles-Hulett A. Atopy is a risk factor for non-steroidal anti-infl ammatory drug sensitivity. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2000; 84:101-6.
6. Smith WL, Dewitt DL. Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases-1 and -2. Advances in immunology. 1996; 62:167-215.
7. Pennisi E. Building a better aspirin. Science (New York, NY. 1998 May 22; 280:1191-2.
8. Quaratino D, Romano A, Di Fonso M, Papa G, Perrone MR, D’Ambrosio FP, et al. Tolerability of meloxicam in patients with histories of adverse reactions to nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2000; 84:613-7.
9. Bavbek S, Celik G, Ediger D, Mungan D, Demirel YS, Misirligil Z. The use of nimesulide in patients with acetylsalicylic acid and nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drug intolerance. J Asthma. 1999; 36: 657-63.
10. Crouch T, Stafford C. Urticaria associated with COX-2 inhibitors. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000 ; 84:38.
11. May A, Weber A, Gall H, Kaufmann R, Zollner TM. Means of increasing sensitivity of an in vitro diagnostic test for aspirin intolerance. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999; 29:1402-11.
12. Sánchez Borges M, Capriles-Hulett A, Caballero-Fonseca F, Perez CR. Tolerability to new COX-2 inhibitors in NSAID-sensitive patients with cutaneous reactions. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001; 87:201-4.
13. Asero R. Leukotriene receptor antagonists may prevent NSAID-induced exacerbations in patients with chronic urticaria. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2000; 85:156-7.
14. Wanderer AA, Hoffman HM. The spectrum of acquired and familial cold-induced urticaria/urticaria-like syndromes. Immunology and allergy clinics of North America. 2004; 24:259-86, vii.
15. Dice JP. Physical urticaria. Immunology and allergy clinics of North America. 2004; 24: 225-46, vi.
16. Weidenbach H, Beckh KH, Lerch MM, Adler G. Precipitation of hereditary angioedema by infectious mononucleosis. Lancet. 1993; 342:934.
17. Rais M, Unzeitig J, Grant JA. Refractory exacerbations of hereditary angioedema with associated Helicobacter pylori infection. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999; 103: 713-4.
18. Farkas H, Fust G, Fekete B, Karadi I, Varga L. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori and improvement of hereditary angioneurotic oedema. Lancet. 2001; 358:1695-6.
19. Gleich GJ, Schroeter AL, Marcoux JP, Sachs MI, O’Connell EJ, Kohler PF. Episodic angioedema associated with eosinophilia. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1984; 310: 1621-6.
20. Tillie-Leblond I, Gosset P, Janin A, Salez F, Prin L, Tonnel AB. Increased interleukin-6 production during the acute phase of the syndrome of episodic angioedema and hypereosinophilia. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998; 28: 491-6.
21. Putterman C, Barak V, Caraco Y, Neuman T, Shalit M. Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia: a case associated with T cell activation and cytokine production. Annals of Allergy. 1993; 70: 243-8.
22. Butterfi eld JH, Leiferman KM, Abrams J, Silver JE, Bower J, Gonchoroff N; et al. Elevated serum levels of interleukin-5 in patients with the syndrome of episodic angioedema and eosinophilia. Blood. 1992; 79: 688-92.
23. Garcia-Abujeta JL, Martin-Gil D, Martin M, Lopez R, Suarez A, Rodriguez F., et al. Impaired type-1 activity and increased NK cells in Gleich’s syndrome. Allergy. 2001; 56: 1221-5.
24. Walsh GM, Sexton DW, Blaylock MG. Corticosteroids, eosinophils and bronchial epithelial cells: new insights into the resolution of infl ammation in asthma. The Journal of Endocrinology. 2003 Jul; 178: 37-43.
25. Sabroe RA, Seed PT, Francis DM, Barr RM, Black AK, Greaves MW. Chronic idiopathic urticaria: comparison of the clinical features of patients with and without anti-FcepsilonRI or anti-IgE autoantibodies. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999; 40:443-50.
26. Hide M, Francis DM, Grattan CE, Hakimi J, Kochan JP, Greaves MW. Autoantibodies against the high-affi nity IgE receptor as a cause of histamine release in chronic urticaria. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993; 328: 1599-604.
27. Fiebiger E, Maurer D, Holub H, Reininger B, Hartmann G, Woisetschlager M., et al. Serum IgG autoantibodies directed against the alpha chain of Fc epsilon RI: a selective marker and pathogenetic factor for a distinct subset of chronic urticaria patients? The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1995; 96: 2606-12.
28. Ferrer M, Kinet JP, Kaplan AP. Comparative studies of functional and binding assays for IgG antiFc(epsilon)RIalpha (alpha-subunit) in chronic urticaria. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998; 101: 672-6.
29. Rumbyrt JS, Schocket AL. Chronic urticaria and thyroid disease. Immunology and allergy clinics of North America. 2004; 24: 215-23, vi.
30. Claveau J, Lavoie A, Brunet C, Bedard PM, Hebert J. Comparison of histamine-releasing factor recovered from skin and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1996; 77: 475-9.
31. Confi no-Cohen R, Aharoni D, Goldberg A, Gurevitch I, Buchs A, Weiss M., et al. Evidence for aberrant regulation of the p21Ras pathway in PBMCs of patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002; 109: 349-56.
32. Sabroe RA, Grattan CE, Francis DM, Barr RM, Kobza Black A, Greaves MW. The autologous serum skin test: a screening test for autoantibodies in chronic idiopathic urticaria. The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999; 140:446-52.
33. Grattan CE, Walpole D, Francis DM, Niimi N, Dootson G, Edler S., et al. Flow cytometric analysis of basophil numbers in chronic urticaria: basopenia is related to serum histamine releasing activity. Clin Exp Allergy. 1997; 27: 1417-24.
34. Kaplan AP. Clinical practice. Chronic urticaria and angioedema. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002; 346: 175-9.
35. Grattan CE, O’Donnell BF, Francis DM, Niimi N, Barlow RJ, Seed PT., et al. Randomized double-blind study of cyclosporin in chronic ‘idiopathic’ urticaria. The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000; 143: 365-72.
36. Gach JE, Sabroe RA, Greaves MW, Black AK. Methotrexate-responsive chronic idiopathic urticaria: a report of two cases. The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001; 145: 340-3.
37. O’Donnell BF, Barr RM, Black AK, Francis DM, Kermani F, Niimi N, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune chronic urticaria. The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998; 138: 101-6.
38. Grattan CE, Francis DM, Slater NG, Barlow RJ, Greaves MW. Plasmapheresis for severe, unremitting, chronic urticaria. Lancet. 1992; 339: 1078-80.
39. Agostoni A, Cicardi M. Drug-induced angioedema without urticaria. Drug Saf. 2001; 24:599-606.
40. Reed LK, Meng J, Joshi GP. Tongue swelling in the recovery room: a case report and discussion of postoperative angioedema. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2006; 18:226-9.
41. Chiu AG, Newkirk KA, Davidson BJ, Burningham AR, Krowiak EJ, Deeb ZE. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema: a multicenter review and an algorithm for airway management. The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2001; 110: 834-40.
42. Vleeming W, Van Amsterdam JG, Stricker BH, de Wildt DJ. ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema. Incidence, prevention and management. Drug Saf. 1998; 18: 171-88.
43. Fuchs SA, Meyboom RH, Van Puijenbroek EP, Guchelaar HJ. Use of angiotensin receptor antagonists in patients with ACE inhibitor induced angioedema. Pharm World Sci. 2004; 26: 191-2.
44. Lo KS. Angioedema associated with candesartan. Pharmacotherapy. 2002; 22: 1176-9.
45. Warner KK, Visconti JA, Tschampel MM. Angiotensin II receptor blockers in patients with ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000; 34: 526-8.
46. Howes LG, Tran D. Can angiotensin receptor antagonists be used safely in patients with previous ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema? Drug Saf. 2002; 25:73-6.
47. Byrd JB, Adam A, Brown NJ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema. Immunology and allergy clinics of North America. 2006; 26: 725-37.
48. Sadeghi N, Panje WR. Life-threatening perioperative angioedema related to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. The Journal of otolaryngology. 1999; 28:354-6.
49. Byrne TJ, Douglas DD, Landis ME, Heppell JP. Isolated visceral angioedema: an underdiagnosed complication of ACE inhibitors? Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2000; 75:1201-4.
50. Dean DE, Schultz DL, Powers RH. Asphyxia due to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor mediated angioedema of the tongue during the treatment of hypertensive heart disease. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2001; 46:1239-43.
51. Pavletic A. Late angioedema caused by ACE inhibitors underestimated. American Family Physician. 2002; 66:956, 8.
52. Davis AE, 3rd. Mechanism of angioedema in fi rst complement component inhibitor defi ciency. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 2006; 26:633-51.
53. Davis AE, 3rd. The pathophysiology of hereditary angioedema. Clinical Immunology. 2005; 114:3-9.
54. Varga A, Arellano G, Tamayo L, Cardona R. Edema Angioneurótico Hereditario (caso clínico). Revista de Inmunoalergia de la Asociación Colombiana de Alergia, Asma e Inmunología. 2002; 11: 112-5.
55. Bork K, Meng G, Staubach P, Hardt J. Hereditary angioedema: new fi ndings concerning symptoms, affected organs, and course. The American Journal of Medicine. 2006; 119: 267-74.
56. Frank MM. Hereditary angioedema: a half century of progress. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004; 114: 626-8.
57. Binkley KE, Davis A, 3rd. Clinical, biochemical, and genetic characterization of a novel estrogen-dependent inherited form of angioedema. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000; 106: 546-50.
58. Bork K, Barnstedt SE, Koch P, Traupe H. Hereditary angioedema with normal C1-inhibitor activity in women. Lancet. 2000; 356: 213-7.
59. Frank MM. Hereditary angioedema. Current opinion in pediatrics. 2005; 17: 686-9.
60. Baxi S, Dinakar C. Urticaria and angioedema. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 2005; 25:353-67, vii.
61. Bork K, Fischer B, Dewald G. Recurrent episodes of skin angioedema and severe attacks of abdominal pain induced by oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy. The American Journal of Medicine. 2003; 114:294-8.
62. Nogawa N, Sumino H, Ichikawa S, Kumakura H, Takayama Y, Nakamura T., et al. Effect of long-term hormone replacement therapy on angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and bradykinin in postmenopausal women with essential hypertension and normotensive postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2001; 8: 210-5.
63. Proudler AJ, Ahmed AI, Crook D, Fogelman I, Rymer JM, Stevenson JC. Hormone replacement therapy and serum angiotensin-converting-enzyme activity in postmenopausal women. Lancet. 1995; 346: 89-90.
64. Bowen T, Cicardi M, Farkas H, Bork K, Kreuz W, Zingale L., et al. Canadian 2003 International Consensus Algorithm For the Diagnosis, Therapy, and Management of Hereditary Angioedema. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004; 114: 629-37.
65. Frank MM. Hereditary angioedema: the clinical syndrome and its management in the United States. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 2006; 26:653-68.
66. Zuraw BL. Novel therapies for hereditary angioedema. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 2006; 26: 691-708.
67. Frigas E, Park M. Idiopathic recurrent angioedema. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 2006; 26: 739-51.
68. Pappalardo E, Zingale LC, Cicardi M. Increased expression of C1-inhibitor mRNA in patients with hereditary angioedema treated with Danazol. Immunology letters. 2003; 86: 271-6.
69. Alsenz J, Lambris JD, Bork K, Loos M. Acquired C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) defi ciency type II. Replacement therapy with C1-INH and analysis of patients’ C1-INH and anti-C1-INH autoantibodies. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1989; 83: 1794-9.
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How to Cite
1.
Cardona R, Tamayo L, Escobar MF. Angioedema: therapeutic and diagnosis approach. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 2019 Feb. 1 [cited 2024 Jul. 3];15(3):187-202. Available from: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/69
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2019-02-01
How to Cite
1.
Cardona R, Tamayo L, Escobar MF. Angioedema: therapeutic and diagnosis approach. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 2019 Feb. 1 [cited 2024 Jul. 3];15(3):187-202. Available from: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/69
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Continuing medical education
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