Biology and immunopathogenesis of skin cancer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29176/2590843X.258Keywords:
Non-melanoma skin cancers, basal-cell carcinoma, squamouscell carcinoma, apoptosis, hedgehog pathwayAbstract
Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer. The non-melanoma skin cancer includes basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Since most of them are not aggressive and some are resected without any histopathological study, there is underreporting. This review focuses on the most important aspects of the biology and immunopathogenesis of basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma.
Risk factors include exposure to ultraviolet rays, skin type 1 and 2, having light eyes and hair, European descent and living in tropical areas, among others. The pathogenesis is complex and involves different routes such as apoptosis, gene p53 alterations, reactive oxygen species, human papilloma virus, external immunosuppresion (immunosuppressive drugs) and that caused by sun exposure.
Author Biographies
Ana María Mejía
Médica, residente de primer año, Sección de Dermatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
Margarita María Velásquez
Médica dermatóloga; profesora, Sección de Dermatología, Grupo de Investigación Dermatológica, CIDERM, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
References
1. Madan V, Lear JT, Szeimies R-M. Non-melanoma skin cancer. The Lancet. 2010;375:673–85.
2. Albert MR, Weinstock M a. Keratinocyte Carcinoma. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2003 Sep;53:292–302.
3. Gutierrez R. Cáncer de piel. facultad de medinicina UNAM. 2003;46:165–71.
4. Erb P, Ji J, Wernli M, Kump E, Glaser A, Büchner S A. Role of apoptosis in basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma formation. Immunology letters. 2005;100:68–72.
5. Cohen JL. Acinic Keratosis Treatment as a Key Component of Preventive Strategies for Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer. Dermatology. 2010;3:39–44.
6. Rubin AI, Chen EH, Ratner D. Basal-cell carcinoma. The New England journal of medicine. 2005 Nov;353:2262–9.
7. Tilli C.M.L.J, Van Steensel M.A. M, Krekels G.A. M, Neumann H.A. M, Ramaekers F.C.S. Molecular aetiology and pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma. The British journal of dermatology. 2005;152:1108–24.
8. Heal CF, Raasch B A, Buettner PG, Weedon D. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of skin lesions. The British journal of dermatology. 2008;159:661–8.
9. Pardo C, Murillo R, Piñeros M, Castro MA. Casos Nuevos de Cáncer en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Colombia, 2002. Revista Colombiana de cancerología. 2003;7:4–19.
10. San Clemente G.Mahecha M, Guzmán C. Enfermedades de la piel más frecuentes en consulta externa dermatológica del Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paúl y del Hospital Infantil, Medellín,1999. Acta Medica Colombiana. 2001;26:240–4.
11. Sanchez G, Nova J, Arias N. Prácticas frente a la radiación ultravioleta y características epidemiológicas de un grupo de pacientes con carcinoma basocelular en un centro de referencia nacional en Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Cancerología. 2010;14:144–51.
12. Velasquez, M Zuluaga A. Primera jornada de detección precoz del cáncer de piel , Asocolderma 2011 , reporte de la experiencia en Medellín, Colombia. Revista Asociación Colombiana de Dermatología. 2012;20:135–46.
13. Restrepo JC, Zuluaga A, Ochoa FL, Jiménez SB, Castaño OL, Uribe C, et al.. Jornada de prevención y detección de cáncer de piel en personas mayores de 18 años. Medellín, mayo de 2005. Universidad del CES. Revista CES Medellín. 2009;23:93–103.
14. Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J. Global Cancer Statistics, 2002. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 1999;49: 33-64.
15. Schulman JM, Fisher DE. Indoor UV tanning and skin cancer: helth risks and opportunities. Curr Opin Oncol . 2009;21:144–49.
16. Meunier L. Ultraviolet light and dendritic cells. European journal of dermatology. 1999 Jun;9:269–75.
17. Fortina AB, Piaserico S, Caforio ALP, Abeni D, Alaibac M, Angelini A, et al. Immunosuppressive level and other risk factors for basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in heart transplant recipients. Archives of dermatology. 2004;140:1079–85.
18. Fitzpatrick TB, Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller SA . Carcinogenesis. Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine. Seventh Edition, Mc Graw Hill Medical,2008. 977-9
19. Alam M, Ratner D. Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001;344:975–83.
20. Ridley AJ, Whiteside JR, McMillan TJ, Allinson SL. Cellular and sub-cellular responses to UVA in relation to carcinogenesis. International Journal of Radiation Biology. 2009;85 :177–95.
21. Freeman SE, Hacham H, Gange RW, Maytum DJ, Sutherland JC, Sutherland BM. Wavelength dependence of pyrimidine dimer formation in DNA of human skin irradiated in situ with ultraviolet light. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1989;86:5605–9.
22. Epstein EH. Basal cell carcinomas: attack of the hedgehog. Nature reviews. Cancer. 2008 Oct;8:743–54.
23. Wetmore C. Sonic hedgehog in normal and neoplastic proliferation. Currenet opinion in genetics and devolpment. 2003;13:34–42.
24. Soufir N, Gerard B, Portela M, Brice A, Liboutet M, Saiag P, et al. PTCH mutations and deletions in patients with typical nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome and in patients with a suspected genetic predisposition to basal cell carcinoma: a French study. British journal of cancer. 2006;95:548–53.
25. Bürglin TR. The Hedgehog protein family. Genome Biology. 2008 Jan;9:241.
26. Tang JY, So PL, Epstein Jr. EH Novel Hedgehog pathway targets against Basal Cell Carcinoma. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007;224:257–64.
27. Danaee H, Karagas MR, Kelsey KT, Perry AE, Nelson HH. Allelic loss at Drosophila patched gene is highly prevalent in Basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. The Journal of investigative dermatology. 2006;126(5):1152–8.
28. de Zwaan SE, Haass NK. Genetics of basal cell carcinoma. The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2010;51:81–92; quiz 93–4.
29. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN.The Skin Tumors. Robbins Basic Patology. 8th Edition, Elsevier 2007. 848-59
30. Rosenstein BS, Phelps RG, Weinstock MA, Bernstein JL, Gordon ML, Rudikoff D, et al. p53 mutations in basal cell carcinomas arising in routine users of sunscreens. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 1999; 70. 798-806.
31. Stratigos A J, Kapranos N, Petrakou E, Anastasiadou A, Pagouni A, Christofidou E, et al. Immunophenotypic analysis of the p53 gene in non-melanoma skin cancer and correlation with apoptosis and cell proliferation. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV. 2005;19:180–6.
32. Kelley KW. p 53 and the Pathogenesis of Skin Cancer. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2008;22:629.
33. Manestar-Blazic T, Batinac T, Hadzisejdic I, Brajac I. Apoptosis and immune response are responsible for the site-specific incidence of non-melanoma skin cáncer. Medical hypotheses. 2007;68:853–5.
34. Kirkin V, Joos S, Zörnig M. The role of Bcl-2 family members in tumorigenesis. Biochimica Biophysica Acta. 2004;1644:229–49.
35. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Sillai S. Inmunity to tumors. Cellular and molecular immunonology, 7 edition.Elsevier 2012,389-404
36. Manestar-Blazic T, Batinac T, Hadzisejdic I, Brajac I. Apoptosis and immune response are responsible for the site-specific incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer. Medical hypotheses. 2007;68:853–5.
37. Sjöström J, Bergh J. How apoptosis is regulated, and what goes wrong in cancer. British Medical Journal. 2001;322:1538–9.
38. Venereo JR. Daño Oxidativo, Radicales Libres y Antioxidantes. Revista Cubana de medicina militar. 2002;31:126–33.
39. Griffiths HR, Mistry P, Herbert KE, Lunec J. Molecular and Cellular Effect of Ultraviolet Light-Induced Genotoxicity. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. 1998;35:189–237.
40. Euvrard S K. skin cancers in kidney and heart transplant recipients after the first squamous cell carcinoma. Transplantation. 2006;81:1093–100.
41. Euvrard S, Kanitakis J, Claudy A. Skin cancers after organ transplantation. The New England journal of medicine. 2003;348:1681–91.
42. Dreno B. Skin cancers after transplantation. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2003;18:1052–8.
43. Moloney FJ, Almarzouqi E, O’Kelly P, Conlon P, Murphy GM. Sunscreen use before and after transplantation and assessment of risk factors associated with skin cancer development in renal transplant recipients. Archives of dermatology. 2005;141:978–82.
44. Tiu J, Li H, Rassekh C, Van der Sloot P, kovach R, Zhang P. Molecular basis of posttransplant squamous cell carcinoma: the potential role of cyclosporine a in carcinogenesis. The laryngoscope. 2006;106:762–9.
45. Maddox JS, Soltani K. Risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer with azathioprine use. Inflammatory bowel diseases . 2008;14:1425–31.
46. España A, Martínez-González M A, García-Granero M, SánchezCarpintero I, Rábago G, Herreros J. A prospective study of incident nonmelanoma skin cancer in heart transplant recipients. The Journal of investigative dermatology. 2000;115:1158–60.
47. Caforio a L, Fortina a B, Piaserico S, Alaibac M, Tona F, Feltrin G, et al. Skin cancer in heart transplant recipients: risk factor analysis and relevance of immunosuppressive therapy. Circulation. 2000;102(19 Suppl III):III222–7.
48. Harwood C A, McGregor JM, Proby CM, Breuer J. Human papillomavirus and the development of non-melanoma skin cancer. Journal of clinical pathology. 1999;52:249–53.
49. Asgari MM, Kiviat NB, Critchlow CW, Stern JE, Argenyi ZB, Raugi GJ, et al. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma among immunocompetent individuals. The Journal of investigative dermatology. 2008;128:1409–17.
50. Hashida T, Yasumoto S. Induction of chromosome abnormalities in mouse and human epidermal keratinocytes by the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncogene. The Journal of general virology. 1991;72:1569–77.
51. Boukamp P. Non-melanoma skin cancer: what drives tumor development and progression? Carcinogenesis. 2005;26:1657–67.
52. Forslund O, Ly H, Reid C, Higgins G. A broad spectrum of human papillomavirus types is present in the skin of Australian patients with non-melanoma skin cancers and solar keratosis. British journal of dermatology. 2003;149:64–73.
53. Nghiem DX, Kazimi N, Clydesdale G, Ananthaswamy HN, Kripke ML, Ullrich SE. Ultraviolet a radiation suppresses an established immune response: implications for sunscreen design. The Journal of investigative dermatology. 2001 Nov;117:1193–9.
54. Walterscheid JP, Nghiem DX, Kazimi N, Nutt LK, Mcconkey DJ, Norval M, et al. Cis-urocanico, a sunligth-induced factor immunosuppressive, activates immune suppression via the 5-HT 2A receptor. 2006; 103:17420-25
55. Burnet M. Concepts of autoimmune disease and their implications for therapy. Perspect Biol Med. 1967;10:14–51.
56. Welsh MM, Karagas MR, Applebaum KM, Spencer SK, Perry AE, Nelson HH. A role for ultraviolet radiation immunosuppression in non-melanoma skin cancer as evidenced by gene-environment interactions. Carcinogenesis. 2008;29:1950–4.
57. Byrne SN, Limón-Flores AY, Ullrich SE. Mast cell migration from the skin to the lymph nodes upon UV-irradiation reprents a key step in the induction of immune supression. The Journal of Immunology. 2008;180:4648–55.
58. Morison WL, Bucana C, Kripke ML. Systemic suppression of contact hypersensitivity by UVB radiation is unrelated to the UVB-induced alterations in the morphology and number of Langerhans cells. Immunology. 1984;52:299–306.
2. Albert MR, Weinstock M a. Keratinocyte Carcinoma. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2003 Sep;53:292–302.
3. Gutierrez R. Cáncer de piel. facultad de medinicina UNAM. 2003;46:165–71.
4. Erb P, Ji J, Wernli M, Kump E, Glaser A, Büchner S A. Role of apoptosis in basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma formation. Immunology letters. 2005;100:68–72.
5. Cohen JL. Acinic Keratosis Treatment as a Key Component of Preventive Strategies for Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer. Dermatology. 2010;3:39–44.
6. Rubin AI, Chen EH, Ratner D. Basal-cell carcinoma. The New England journal of medicine. 2005 Nov;353:2262–9.
7. Tilli C.M.L.J, Van Steensel M.A. M, Krekels G.A. M, Neumann H.A. M, Ramaekers F.C.S. Molecular aetiology and pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma. The British journal of dermatology. 2005;152:1108–24.
8. Heal CF, Raasch B A, Buettner PG, Weedon D. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of skin lesions. The British journal of dermatology. 2008;159:661–8.
9. Pardo C, Murillo R, Piñeros M, Castro MA. Casos Nuevos de Cáncer en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Colombia, 2002. Revista Colombiana de cancerología. 2003;7:4–19.
10. San Clemente G.Mahecha M, Guzmán C. Enfermedades de la piel más frecuentes en consulta externa dermatológica del Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paúl y del Hospital Infantil, Medellín,1999. Acta Medica Colombiana. 2001;26:240–4.
11. Sanchez G, Nova J, Arias N. Prácticas frente a la radiación ultravioleta y características epidemiológicas de un grupo de pacientes con carcinoma basocelular en un centro de referencia nacional en Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Cancerología. 2010;14:144–51.
12. Velasquez, M Zuluaga A. Primera jornada de detección precoz del cáncer de piel , Asocolderma 2011 , reporte de la experiencia en Medellín, Colombia. Revista Asociación Colombiana de Dermatología. 2012;20:135–46.
13. Restrepo JC, Zuluaga A, Ochoa FL, Jiménez SB, Castaño OL, Uribe C, et al.. Jornada de prevención y detección de cáncer de piel en personas mayores de 18 años. Medellín, mayo de 2005. Universidad del CES. Revista CES Medellín. 2009;23:93–103.
14. Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J. Global Cancer Statistics, 2002. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 1999;49: 33-64.
15. Schulman JM, Fisher DE. Indoor UV tanning and skin cancer: helth risks and opportunities. Curr Opin Oncol . 2009;21:144–49.
16. Meunier L. Ultraviolet light and dendritic cells. European journal of dermatology. 1999 Jun;9:269–75.
17. Fortina AB, Piaserico S, Caforio ALP, Abeni D, Alaibac M, Angelini A, et al. Immunosuppressive level and other risk factors for basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in heart transplant recipients. Archives of dermatology. 2004;140:1079–85.
18. Fitzpatrick TB, Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller SA . Carcinogenesis. Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine. Seventh Edition, Mc Graw Hill Medical,2008. 977-9
19. Alam M, Ratner D. Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001;344:975–83.
20. Ridley AJ, Whiteside JR, McMillan TJ, Allinson SL. Cellular and sub-cellular responses to UVA in relation to carcinogenesis. International Journal of Radiation Biology. 2009;85 :177–95.
21. Freeman SE, Hacham H, Gange RW, Maytum DJ, Sutherland JC, Sutherland BM. Wavelength dependence of pyrimidine dimer formation in DNA of human skin irradiated in situ with ultraviolet light. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1989;86:5605–9.
22. Epstein EH. Basal cell carcinomas: attack of the hedgehog. Nature reviews. Cancer. 2008 Oct;8:743–54.
23. Wetmore C. Sonic hedgehog in normal and neoplastic proliferation. Currenet opinion in genetics and devolpment. 2003;13:34–42.
24. Soufir N, Gerard B, Portela M, Brice A, Liboutet M, Saiag P, et al. PTCH mutations and deletions in patients with typical nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome and in patients with a suspected genetic predisposition to basal cell carcinoma: a French study. British journal of cancer. 2006;95:548–53.
25. Bürglin TR. The Hedgehog protein family. Genome Biology. 2008 Jan;9:241.
26. Tang JY, So PL, Epstein Jr. EH Novel Hedgehog pathway targets against Basal Cell Carcinoma. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007;224:257–64.
27. Danaee H, Karagas MR, Kelsey KT, Perry AE, Nelson HH. Allelic loss at Drosophila patched gene is highly prevalent in Basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. The Journal of investigative dermatology. 2006;126(5):1152–8.
28. de Zwaan SE, Haass NK. Genetics of basal cell carcinoma. The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2010;51:81–92; quiz 93–4.
29. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN.The Skin Tumors. Robbins Basic Patology. 8th Edition, Elsevier 2007. 848-59
30. Rosenstein BS, Phelps RG, Weinstock MA, Bernstein JL, Gordon ML, Rudikoff D, et al. p53 mutations in basal cell carcinomas arising in routine users of sunscreens. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 1999; 70. 798-806.
31. Stratigos A J, Kapranos N, Petrakou E, Anastasiadou A, Pagouni A, Christofidou E, et al. Immunophenotypic analysis of the p53 gene in non-melanoma skin cancer and correlation with apoptosis and cell proliferation. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV. 2005;19:180–6.
32. Kelley KW. p 53 and the Pathogenesis of Skin Cancer. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2008;22:629.
33. Manestar-Blazic T, Batinac T, Hadzisejdic I, Brajac I. Apoptosis and immune response are responsible for the site-specific incidence of non-melanoma skin cáncer. Medical hypotheses. 2007;68:853–5.
34. Kirkin V, Joos S, Zörnig M. The role of Bcl-2 family members in tumorigenesis. Biochimica Biophysica Acta. 2004;1644:229–49.
35. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Sillai S. Inmunity to tumors. Cellular and molecular immunonology, 7 edition.Elsevier 2012,389-404
36. Manestar-Blazic T, Batinac T, Hadzisejdic I, Brajac I. Apoptosis and immune response are responsible for the site-specific incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer. Medical hypotheses. 2007;68:853–5.
37. Sjöström J, Bergh J. How apoptosis is regulated, and what goes wrong in cancer. British Medical Journal. 2001;322:1538–9.
38. Venereo JR. Daño Oxidativo, Radicales Libres y Antioxidantes. Revista Cubana de medicina militar. 2002;31:126–33.
39. Griffiths HR, Mistry P, Herbert KE, Lunec J. Molecular and Cellular Effect of Ultraviolet Light-Induced Genotoxicity. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. 1998;35:189–237.
40. Euvrard S K. skin cancers in kidney and heart transplant recipients after the first squamous cell carcinoma. Transplantation. 2006;81:1093–100.
41. Euvrard S, Kanitakis J, Claudy A. Skin cancers after organ transplantation. The New England journal of medicine. 2003;348:1681–91.
42. Dreno B. Skin cancers after transplantation. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2003;18:1052–8.
43. Moloney FJ, Almarzouqi E, O’Kelly P, Conlon P, Murphy GM. Sunscreen use before and after transplantation and assessment of risk factors associated with skin cancer development in renal transplant recipients. Archives of dermatology. 2005;141:978–82.
44. Tiu J, Li H, Rassekh C, Van der Sloot P, kovach R, Zhang P. Molecular basis of posttransplant squamous cell carcinoma: the potential role of cyclosporine a in carcinogenesis. The laryngoscope. 2006;106:762–9.
45. Maddox JS, Soltani K. Risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer with azathioprine use. Inflammatory bowel diseases . 2008;14:1425–31.
46. España A, Martínez-González M A, García-Granero M, SánchezCarpintero I, Rábago G, Herreros J. A prospective study of incident nonmelanoma skin cancer in heart transplant recipients. The Journal of investigative dermatology. 2000;115:1158–60.
47. Caforio a L, Fortina a B, Piaserico S, Alaibac M, Tona F, Feltrin G, et al. Skin cancer in heart transplant recipients: risk factor analysis and relevance of immunosuppressive therapy. Circulation. 2000;102(19 Suppl III):III222–7.
48. Harwood C A, McGregor JM, Proby CM, Breuer J. Human papillomavirus and the development of non-melanoma skin cancer. Journal of clinical pathology. 1999;52:249–53.
49. Asgari MM, Kiviat NB, Critchlow CW, Stern JE, Argenyi ZB, Raugi GJ, et al. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma among immunocompetent individuals. The Journal of investigative dermatology. 2008;128:1409–17.
50. Hashida T, Yasumoto S. Induction of chromosome abnormalities in mouse and human epidermal keratinocytes by the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncogene. The Journal of general virology. 1991;72:1569–77.
51. Boukamp P. Non-melanoma skin cancer: what drives tumor development and progression? Carcinogenesis. 2005;26:1657–67.
52. Forslund O, Ly H, Reid C, Higgins G. A broad spectrum of human papillomavirus types is present in the skin of Australian patients with non-melanoma skin cancers and solar keratosis. British journal of dermatology. 2003;149:64–73.
53. Nghiem DX, Kazimi N, Clydesdale G, Ananthaswamy HN, Kripke ML, Ullrich SE. Ultraviolet a radiation suppresses an established immune response: implications for sunscreen design. The Journal of investigative dermatology. 2001 Nov;117:1193–9.
54. Walterscheid JP, Nghiem DX, Kazimi N, Nutt LK, Mcconkey DJ, Norval M, et al. Cis-urocanico, a sunligth-induced factor immunosuppressive, activates immune suppression via the 5-HT 2A receptor. 2006; 103:17420-25
55. Burnet M. Concepts of autoimmune disease and their implications for therapy. Perspect Biol Med. 1967;10:14–51.
56. Welsh MM, Karagas MR, Applebaum KM, Spencer SK, Perry AE, Nelson HH. A role for ultraviolet radiation immunosuppression in non-melanoma skin cancer as evidenced by gene-environment interactions. Carcinogenesis. 2008;29:1950–4.
57. Byrne SN, Limón-Flores AY, Ullrich SE. Mast cell migration from the skin to the lymph nodes upon UV-irradiation reprents a key step in the induction of immune supression. The Journal of Immunology. 2008;180:4648–55.
58. Morison WL, Bucana C, Kripke ML. Systemic suppression of contact hypersensitivity by UVB radiation is unrelated to the UVB-induced alterations in the morphology and number of Langerhans cells. Immunology. 1984;52:299–306.
How to Cite
1.
Mejía AM, Velásquez MM. Biology and immunopathogenesis of skin cancer. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 2013 Apr. 1 [cited 2024 Jul. 3];21(2):159-68. Available from: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/258
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Downloads
Published
2013-04-01
How to Cite
1.
Mejía AM, Velásquez MM. Biology and immunopathogenesis of skin cancer. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 2013 Apr. 1 [cited 2024 Jul. 3];21(2):159-68. Available from: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/258
Issue
Section
Review Article
| Article metrics | |
|---|---|
| Abstract views | |
| Galley vies | |
| PDF Views | |
| HTML views | |
| Other views | |
