Omalizumab in Dermatology
Keywords:
Omalizumab, chronic urticaria, atopic dermatitis, bullous pemphigoid, cutaneous mastocytosis.Abstract
Omalizumab is a monoclonal humanized antibody which selectively binds to the free IgE avoiding its binding to both the high affinity receptor (FceRI) on the surface of mast cells and basophils, and the low affinity receptor (FceRII). It is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of severe non controlled asthma. Its effectiveness has also been demonstrated in dermatological diseases, such as: chronic urticaria, atopic dermatitis, cutaneous mastocytosis and bullous pemphigoid. This review focuses on the report of the existent evidence in the literature about the effect of omalizumab in treating and controlling cutaneous diseases.
Author Biographies
Victoria Lucía Dávila
Médica, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Clínica Cardiovid, Medellín, Colombia
Margarita María Velásquez
Dermatóloga y doctora en Ciencias Básicas Biomédicas, énfasis en Inmunología; profesora, Sección de Dermatología, Centro de
Investigaciones Dermatológicas CIDERM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
References
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2. Incorvaia C, Mauro M, Riario-Sforza GG, Frati F, Tarantini F, Caserini M. Current and future applications of the anti-IgE antibody omalizumab. Biologics. 2008;2:67-73.
3. Kupczyk M, Kuna P. Omalizumab in an allergology clinic: Real life experience and future developments. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2014;31:32-5.
4. McCormack PL. Omalizumab: A review of its use in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Drugs. 2014;74:1693-9.
5. Schulman ES. Development of a monoclonal anti-immunoglobulin E antibody (omalizumab) for the treatment of allergic respiratory disorders. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:S6-11.
6. Frances L, Leiva-Salinas M, Silvestre JF. Omalizumab en el tratamiento de urticaria crónica. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2014;105:45-52.
7. Iemoli E, Piconi S, Fusi A, Borgonovo L, Borelli M, Trabattoni D. Immunological effects of omalizumab in chronic urticaria: A case report. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2010;20:252-4.
8. Babu KS, Polosa R, Morjaria JB. Anti-IgE--emerging opportunities for omalizumab. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2013;13:765-77.
9. Metz M, Maurer M. Omalizumab in chronic urticaria. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;12:406-11.
10. Sockolov ME, Alikhan A, Zargari O. Non-psoriatic dermatologic uses of monoclonal antibody therapy. J Dermatolog Treat. 2009;20:319-27.
11. Viegas LP, Ferreira MB, Kaplan AP. The maddening itch: An approach to chronic urticaria. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2014;24:1-5.
12. Greaves MW. Pathology and classification of urticaria. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2014;34:1-9.
13. Wedi B, Wieczorek D, Raap U, Kapp A. Urticaria. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2014;12:997-1007.
14. Cugno M, Marzano AV, Asero R, Tedeschi A. Activation of blood coagulation in chronic urticaria: Pathophysiological and clinical implications. Intern Emerg Med. 2010;5:97-101.
15. Kaplan AP. Treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2012;4:326-31.
16. Chang TW, Chen C, Lin CJ, Metz M, Church MK, Maurer M. The potential pharmacologic mechanisms of omalizumab in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(2):337-342.
17. Maurer M, Altrichter S, Bieber T, Biedermann T, Bräutigam M, Seyfried et al. Efficacy and safety of omalizumab in patients with chronic urticaria who exhibit IgE against thyroperoxidase. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Jul;128(1):202-209.
18. Saini SS. Chronic spontaneous urticaria: Etiology and pathogenesis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2014;34:33-52.
19. Browm MA, Hatfield JK. Mast cells are important modifiers of autoinmmune diseases: With so much evidence, why there still controversy? Front Immunol. 2012;3:147.
20. Jáuregui I, Ortiz FJ, Ferrer M, Giménez-Arnau A, Sastre J, BartraJ, et al. Assessment of severity and quality of life in chronic urticaria. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2014;24:80-6.
21. Yun J, Katelaris CH, Weerasinghe A, Adikari DB, Ratnayake C. Impact of chronic urticaria on the quality of life in Australian and Sri Lankan populations. Asia Pac Allergy. 2011;1:25-9.
22. Zuberbier T, Aberer W, Asero R, Bindslev-Jensen C, Brzoza Z, Canonica GW, et al. The EAACI/GA(2) LEN/EDF/WAO Guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria: The 2013 revision and update. Allergy. 2014;69:868-87.
23. Kaplan AP. Therapy of chronic urticaria: A simple, modern approach. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;112:419-25.
24. Kaplan AP, Joseph K, Maykut RJ, Geba GP, Zeldin RK. Treatment of chronic autoimmune urticaria with omalizumab. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:569-73.
25. Maurer M, Rosén K, Hsieh HJ, Saini S, Grattan C, Gimenéz-Arnau A, et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of chronic idiopathic or spontaneous urticaria. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:924-35.
26. Kaplan A, Ledfort D, Ashby M, Canvin J, Zazzali JN, Conner E, et al. Omalizumab in patients with symptomatic chronic idiopathic/spontaneous urticarial despite standard combination therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132:101-9.
27. Ferrer M, Gamboa P, Sanz ML, Goikoetxea MJ, Cabrera-Freitag P, Javaloyes G, et al. Omalizumab is effective in non autoimmune urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:1300-2.
28. Labrador-Horrillo M, Valero A, Velasco M, Jáuregui I, Sastre J, Bartra J, et al. Efficacy of omalizumab in chronic spontaneous urticaria refractory to conventional therapy: Analysis of 110 patients in real-life practice. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2013;13:1225-8.
29. Viswanathan RK, Moss MH, Mathur SK. Retrospective analysis of the efficacy of omalizumab in chronic refractory urticaria. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2013;34:446-52.
30. Vieira Dos Santos R, Locks Bidese B, Rabello de Souza J, Maurer M. Effects of omalizumab in a patient with three types of chronic urticaria. Br J Dermatol. 2014;170:469-71.
31. Díez LS, Tamayo LM, Cardona R. Omalizumab: therapeutic option in chronic spontaneous urticaria difficult to control with associated vasculitis, report of three cases. Biomédica. 2013;33:503-12.
32. Thaiwat S. Sangasapaviliya A. Omalizumab treatment in severe adult atopic dermatitis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2011;29:357-60.
33. Fernández-AntónMartínez MC, Leis-Dosil V, Alfageme-Roldán F, Paravisini A, Sánchez-Ramón S, Suárez Fernández R. Omalizumab for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2012;103:624-8.
34. Iyengar SR, Hoyte EG, Loza A, Bonaccorso S, Chiang D, Umetsu DT, et al. Immunologic effects of omalizumab in children with severe refractory atopic dermatitis: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2013;162:89-93.
35. Quist SR, Ambach A, Göppner D, Quist J, Franke I, Bonnekoh B, et al. Long-term treatment of severe recalcitrant atopic dermatitis with omalizumab, an anti-immuno-globulin E. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;27;93:206-8.
36. Kim DH, Park KY, Kim BJ, Kim MN, Mun SK. Anti-immunoglobulin E in the treatment of refractory atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2013;38:496-500.
37. Lacombe J, Bégin P, Paradis L, Hatami A, Paradis J, Des Roches A. Anti-IgE therapy and severe atopic dermatitis: A pediatric perspective. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69:832-4.
38. Krathen RA, Hsu S. Failure of omalizumab for treatment of severe adult atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53:338-40.
39. Lo Schiavo A, Ruocco E, Brancaccio G, Caccavale S, Ruocco V, Wolf R. Bullous pemphigoid: Etiology, pathogenesis, and inducing factors: Facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol. 2013;31:391-9.
40. Messingham KN, Pietras TA, Fairley JA. Role of IgE in bullous pemphigoid: A review and rationale for IgE directed therapies. Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia. 2012;147:251-7.
41. Messingham KA, Holahan HM, Fairley JA. Unraveling the significance of IgE autoantibodies in organ-specific autoimmunity: Lessons learned from bullous pemphigoid. Immunol Res. 2014;59:273-8.
42. Yu KK, Crew AB, Messingham KA, Fairley JA, Woodley DT. Omalizumab therapy for bullous pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(3):468-74.
43. Yalcin AD, Genc GE, Celik B, Gumuslu S. Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody (omalizumab) is effective in treating bullous pemphigoid and its effects on soluble CD200. Clin Lab. 2014;60:523-4.
44. London VA, Kim GH, Fairley JA, Woodley DT. Successful treatment of bullous pemphigoid with omalizumab. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148:1241-3.
45. Fairley JA, Baum CL, Brandt DS, Messingham KA. Pathogenicity of IgE in autoimmunity: Successful treatment of bullous pemphigoid with omalizumab. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123:704-5.
46. Dufour C, Souillet AL, Chaneliere C, Jouen F, Bodemer C, Jullien D, et al. Successful management of severe infant bullous pemphigoid with omalizumab. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166:1140-2.
47. Ishida M, Iwai M, Kagotani A, Iwamoto N, Okabe H. Cutaneous mastocytosis with abundant eosinophilic infiltration: A case report with review of the literature. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014;7:2695-7.
48. Rueda ML, Yarza ML, Colina V, Gallego S, Pereira S, Navacchia D, et al. Cutaneous mastocytosis: 10-years experience review at the Dermatology Department, Hospital General de Niños Pedro de Elizalde. Dermatol Argent. 2011;17:32-39.
49. Yalcin AD. An overview of the effects of anti-IgE therapies. Med Sci Monit. 2014;20:1691-9.
50. Beck LA, Marcotte GV, MacGlashan D Jr, Togias A, Saini S. Omalizumab-induced reductions in mast cell FceRI expression and function. J Allergy Clin Immun 2004;114:527-30.
51. Matito A, Blázquez-Goñi C, Morgado JM, Álvarez-Twose I, Mollejo M, Sánchez-Muñoz L, et al. Short-term omalizumab treatment in an adolescent with cutaneous mastocytosis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013;111:425-6.
52. Siebenhaar F, Kühn W, Zuberbier T, Maurer M. Successful treatment of cutaneous mastocystosis and Ménière disease with anti-IgE therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:213-5.
53. Sussman G, Hébert J, Barron C, Bian J, Caron-Guay RM, Laflamme S, et al. Real-life experiences with omalizumab for the treatment of chronic urticaria. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;112:170-4.
54. Song CH, Stern S, Giruparajah M, Berlin N, Sussman GL. Long-term efficacy of fixed-dose omalizumab for patients with severe chronic spontaneous urticaria. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013;110:113-7.
55. Metz M, Ohanyan T, Church MK, Maurer M. Retreatment with omalizumab results in rapid remission in chronic spontaneous and inducible urticaria. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150:288-90.
56. Saini S, Rosen KE, Hsieh HJ, Wong DA, Conner E, Kaplan A, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of single-dose omalizumab in patients with H1-antihistamine-refractory chronic idiopathic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:567-73.
57. Romano C, Sellitto A, De Fanis U, Esposito G, Arbo P, Giunta R, et al. Maintenance of remission with low-dose omalizumab in long-lasting, refractory chronic urticaria. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;104:95-7.
58. Lefévre AC, Deleuran M, Vestergaard C. A long term case series study of the effect of omalizumab on chronic spontaneous urticaria. Ann Dermatol. 2013;25:242-5.
2. Incorvaia C, Mauro M, Riario-Sforza GG, Frati F, Tarantini F, Caserini M. Current and future applications of the anti-IgE antibody omalizumab. Biologics. 2008;2:67-73.
3. Kupczyk M, Kuna P. Omalizumab in an allergology clinic: Real life experience and future developments. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2014;31:32-5.
4. McCormack PL. Omalizumab: A review of its use in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Drugs. 2014;74:1693-9.
5. Schulman ES. Development of a monoclonal anti-immunoglobulin E antibody (omalizumab) for the treatment of allergic respiratory disorders. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:S6-11.
6. Frances L, Leiva-Salinas M, Silvestre JF. Omalizumab en el tratamiento de urticaria crónica. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2014;105:45-52.
7. Iemoli E, Piconi S, Fusi A, Borgonovo L, Borelli M, Trabattoni D. Immunological effects of omalizumab in chronic urticaria: A case report. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2010;20:252-4.
8. Babu KS, Polosa R, Morjaria JB. Anti-IgE--emerging opportunities for omalizumab. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2013;13:765-77.
9. Metz M, Maurer M. Omalizumab in chronic urticaria. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;12:406-11.
10. Sockolov ME, Alikhan A, Zargari O. Non-psoriatic dermatologic uses of monoclonal antibody therapy. J Dermatolog Treat. 2009;20:319-27.
11. Viegas LP, Ferreira MB, Kaplan AP. The maddening itch: An approach to chronic urticaria. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2014;24:1-5.
12. Greaves MW. Pathology and classification of urticaria. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2014;34:1-9.
13. Wedi B, Wieczorek D, Raap U, Kapp A. Urticaria. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2014;12:997-1007.
14. Cugno M, Marzano AV, Asero R, Tedeschi A. Activation of blood coagulation in chronic urticaria: Pathophysiological and clinical implications. Intern Emerg Med. 2010;5:97-101.
15. Kaplan AP. Treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2012;4:326-31.
16. Chang TW, Chen C, Lin CJ, Metz M, Church MK, Maurer M. The potential pharmacologic mechanisms of omalizumab in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(2):337-342.
17. Maurer M, Altrichter S, Bieber T, Biedermann T, Bräutigam M, Seyfried et al. Efficacy and safety of omalizumab in patients with chronic urticaria who exhibit IgE against thyroperoxidase. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Jul;128(1):202-209.
18. Saini SS. Chronic spontaneous urticaria: Etiology and pathogenesis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2014;34:33-52.
19. Browm MA, Hatfield JK. Mast cells are important modifiers of autoinmmune diseases: With so much evidence, why there still controversy? Front Immunol. 2012;3:147.
20. Jáuregui I, Ortiz FJ, Ferrer M, Giménez-Arnau A, Sastre J, BartraJ, et al. Assessment of severity and quality of life in chronic urticaria. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2014;24:80-6.
21. Yun J, Katelaris CH, Weerasinghe A, Adikari DB, Ratnayake C. Impact of chronic urticaria on the quality of life in Australian and Sri Lankan populations. Asia Pac Allergy. 2011;1:25-9.
22. Zuberbier T, Aberer W, Asero R, Bindslev-Jensen C, Brzoza Z, Canonica GW, et al. The EAACI/GA(2) LEN/EDF/WAO Guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria: The 2013 revision and update. Allergy. 2014;69:868-87.
23. Kaplan AP. Therapy of chronic urticaria: A simple, modern approach. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;112:419-25.
24. Kaplan AP, Joseph K, Maykut RJ, Geba GP, Zeldin RK. Treatment of chronic autoimmune urticaria with omalizumab. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:569-73.
25. Maurer M, Rosén K, Hsieh HJ, Saini S, Grattan C, Gimenéz-Arnau A, et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of chronic idiopathic or spontaneous urticaria. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:924-35.
26. Kaplan A, Ledfort D, Ashby M, Canvin J, Zazzali JN, Conner E, et al. Omalizumab in patients with symptomatic chronic idiopathic/spontaneous urticarial despite standard combination therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132:101-9.
27. Ferrer M, Gamboa P, Sanz ML, Goikoetxea MJ, Cabrera-Freitag P, Javaloyes G, et al. Omalizumab is effective in non autoimmune urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:1300-2.
28. Labrador-Horrillo M, Valero A, Velasco M, Jáuregui I, Sastre J, Bartra J, et al. Efficacy of omalizumab in chronic spontaneous urticaria refractory to conventional therapy: Analysis of 110 patients in real-life practice. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2013;13:1225-8.
29. Viswanathan RK, Moss MH, Mathur SK. Retrospective analysis of the efficacy of omalizumab in chronic refractory urticaria. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2013;34:446-52.
30. Vieira Dos Santos R, Locks Bidese B, Rabello de Souza J, Maurer M. Effects of omalizumab in a patient with three types of chronic urticaria. Br J Dermatol. 2014;170:469-71.
31. Díez LS, Tamayo LM, Cardona R. Omalizumab: therapeutic option in chronic spontaneous urticaria difficult to control with associated vasculitis, report of three cases. Biomédica. 2013;33:503-12.
32. Thaiwat S. Sangasapaviliya A. Omalizumab treatment in severe adult atopic dermatitis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2011;29:357-60.
33. Fernández-AntónMartínez MC, Leis-Dosil V, Alfageme-Roldán F, Paravisini A, Sánchez-Ramón S, Suárez Fernández R. Omalizumab for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2012;103:624-8.
34. Iyengar SR, Hoyte EG, Loza A, Bonaccorso S, Chiang D, Umetsu DT, et al. Immunologic effects of omalizumab in children with severe refractory atopic dermatitis: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2013;162:89-93.
35. Quist SR, Ambach A, Göppner D, Quist J, Franke I, Bonnekoh B, et al. Long-term treatment of severe recalcitrant atopic dermatitis with omalizumab, an anti-immuno-globulin E. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;27;93:206-8.
36. Kim DH, Park KY, Kim BJ, Kim MN, Mun SK. Anti-immunoglobulin E in the treatment of refractory atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2013;38:496-500.
37. Lacombe J, Bégin P, Paradis L, Hatami A, Paradis J, Des Roches A. Anti-IgE therapy and severe atopic dermatitis: A pediatric perspective. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69:832-4.
38. Krathen RA, Hsu S. Failure of omalizumab for treatment of severe adult atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53:338-40.
39. Lo Schiavo A, Ruocco E, Brancaccio G, Caccavale S, Ruocco V, Wolf R. Bullous pemphigoid: Etiology, pathogenesis, and inducing factors: Facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol. 2013;31:391-9.
40. Messingham KN, Pietras TA, Fairley JA. Role of IgE in bullous pemphigoid: A review and rationale for IgE directed therapies. Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia. 2012;147:251-7.
41. Messingham KA, Holahan HM, Fairley JA. Unraveling the significance of IgE autoantibodies in organ-specific autoimmunity: Lessons learned from bullous pemphigoid. Immunol Res. 2014;59:273-8.
42. Yu KK, Crew AB, Messingham KA, Fairley JA, Woodley DT. Omalizumab therapy for bullous pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(3):468-74.
43. Yalcin AD, Genc GE, Celik B, Gumuslu S. Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody (omalizumab) is effective in treating bullous pemphigoid and its effects on soluble CD200. Clin Lab. 2014;60:523-4.
44. London VA, Kim GH, Fairley JA, Woodley DT. Successful treatment of bullous pemphigoid with omalizumab. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148:1241-3.
45. Fairley JA, Baum CL, Brandt DS, Messingham KA. Pathogenicity of IgE in autoimmunity: Successful treatment of bullous pemphigoid with omalizumab. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123:704-5.
46. Dufour C, Souillet AL, Chaneliere C, Jouen F, Bodemer C, Jullien D, et al. Successful management of severe infant bullous pemphigoid with omalizumab. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166:1140-2.
47. Ishida M, Iwai M, Kagotani A, Iwamoto N, Okabe H. Cutaneous mastocytosis with abundant eosinophilic infiltration: A case report with review of the literature. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014;7:2695-7.
48. Rueda ML, Yarza ML, Colina V, Gallego S, Pereira S, Navacchia D, et al. Cutaneous mastocytosis: 10-years experience review at the Dermatology Department, Hospital General de Niños Pedro de Elizalde. Dermatol Argent. 2011;17:32-39.
49. Yalcin AD. An overview of the effects of anti-IgE therapies. Med Sci Monit. 2014;20:1691-9.
50. Beck LA, Marcotte GV, MacGlashan D Jr, Togias A, Saini S. Omalizumab-induced reductions in mast cell FceRI expression and function. J Allergy Clin Immun 2004;114:527-30.
51. Matito A, Blázquez-Goñi C, Morgado JM, Álvarez-Twose I, Mollejo M, Sánchez-Muñoz L, et al. Short-term omalizumab treatment in an adolescent with cutaneous mastocytosis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013;111:425-6.
52. Siebenhaar F, Kühn W, Zuberbier T, Maurer M. Successful treatment of cutaneous mastocystosis and Ménière disease with anti-IgE therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:213-5.
53. Sussman G, Hébert J, Barron C, Bian J, Caron-Guay RM, Laflamme S, et al. Real-life experiences with omalizumab for the treatment of chronic urticaria. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;112:170-4.
54. Song CH, Stern S, Giruparajah M, Berlin N, Sussman GL. Long-term efficacy of fixed-dose omalizumab for patients with severe chronic spontaneous urticaria. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013;110:113-7.
55. Metz M, Ohanyan T, Church MK, Maurer M. Retreatment with omalizumab results in rapid remission in chronic spontaneous and inducible urticaria. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150:288-90.
56. Saini S, Rosen KE, Hsieh HJ, Wong DA, Conner E, Kaplan A, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of single-dose omalizumab in patients with H1-antihistamine-refractory chronic idiopathic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:567-73.
57. Romano C, Sellitto A, De Fanis U, Esposito G, Arbo P, Giunta R, et al. Maintenance of remission with low-dose omalizumab in long-lasting, refractory chronic urticaria. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;104:95-7.
58. Lefévre AC, Deleuran M, Vestergaard C. A long term case series study of the effect of omalizumab on chronic spontaneous urticaria. Ann Dermatol. 2013;25:242-5.
How to Cite
1.
Dávila VL, Velásquez MM. Omalizumab in Dermatology. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 2019 Aug. 9 [cited 2024 Jul. 3];23(1):39-48. Available from: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/1065
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2019-08-09
How to Cite
1.
Dávila VL, Velásquez MM. Omalizumab in Dermatology. rev. asoc. colomb. dermatol. cir. dematol. [Internet]. 2019 Aug. 9 [cited 2024 Jul. 3];23(1):39-48. Available from: https://revista.asocolderma.org.co/index.php/asocolderma/article/view/1065
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